词的前缀和后缀
常见的单词后缀
1. 名词后缀
1> 以下单词后缀构成抽象名词:
A -ery, -ry, 表示 “性质,场所” 如: slavery , bravery, nursery , bakery,
B. –ment 表示 “运动,结果” 如: development , movement , government, equipment, achievement.
C. –ness “状态,性质” 如” kindness, darkness , illness, carelessness.
D. –sion “动作,状态” 如: discussion , permission, impression.
E -tion “动作, 状态” 如: action, attention, education, liberation.
F -ship “状态,身份” 如: friendship, membership , hardship
G -hood “身份,性质” childhood boyhood brotherhood neighborhood
H -ism “主义, 行为, 特征” communism , socialism , materialism , criticism, racism
I -al “行为, 结果” refusal arrival
J -ing “ 物质,活动” farming,
K –dom “集体,领域” freedom, kingdom.
L –ful “充满” spoonful , glassful.
M – er, -or “人,动作者” driver, leader, teacher, singer
-ian musician, politician technician
-ist socialist , communist scientist
-ese Chinese Japanese
- ess “女性, 雌性” waitress , actress , hostess, lioness.
2. 形容词后缀
A. –al “…的” national , chemical, political
B. –an “…地, …人” African , American, Italian
C. –able “ 能够” reasonable , suitable, terrible,
D. –ern “ 方向” southern, western, northern
E –ful “充满” beautiful, careful , harmful.
F -ish “ 属于, 稍微” British, Spanish , childish
3. 动词后缀
A. –en deepen, loosen
B. –ize modernize, organize
C. –ify beautify
常见词的前缀
A. em- en- “使 ， 使成为“ engage, ensure
C. de- “ …的反意， 去掉， 降低” deliver, decline , delay, decrease
D. cross- “ 跨越” cross- cultural cross roads
E centi- “百, 百分之一” centimeter, centigrade
F con- , com- “ 联合” cofirm concentrate, compound
G bio- “生物的” biochemistry, biology, biological
H anti- “反对” antinuclear
I un-“ 不” unfit unsuccessful
non- non- smoker non-stop
dis- discount , discuss disturb
in- invisible
il- illegal
im- impossible
ir- irregular
mis- mistake misfortune.
J re- “重复” repeat, recycle
K co- “共同, 平等” cooperate
L over- “过度” over-sleep, over-eat
M super- “超级,超出”superpower , superstar
N vice- “副手” vice-president
O tele- “远程的” telephone, television
P kilo- “ 千” kilometer kilogram
在本单元中我们接触到了verb-ed 与verb-ing 形式充当形容词的用法。鉴于这两者是非谓语动词的重要内容。高考题中也经常涉及一些题目。下面我们拓展以下verb-ed 与verb-ing形式的用法：
1. verb-ing 的形式
A 动词-ing形式的一般式
1> 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。
Swimming is her favorite sport.
游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning is important to modern life.
学习对现代生活很重要。
2> 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.
他们有说有笑地走出教室。
3> 动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.
我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。
B 动词-ing形式的完成式
动词-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.
在现代英语中，作宾语的动词-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。
I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.
错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。
(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)
We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
(=We remembered having seen the film.)
C 动词-ing形式的被动形式
动词-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是动词-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。
The question being discussed is very important.
正在讨论的问题很重要。
I can‘t stand being kept waiting.
我不堪久等。
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.
在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。
D 动词-ing形式的否定形式
动词-ing形式的否定形式由not加动词-ing形式构成。
His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.
他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。
verb-ing 的用法:
A 动词-ing形式作主语
1 动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。
Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe.
百闻不如一见。
2 为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it.
争论这事是浪费时间。
动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。
It‘s no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。
It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.
给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。
It‘s worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。
There is no saying when it will stop raining.
无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
B 动词-ing形式作表语
1 表示主语的内容
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
2 表示主语具有的特征
The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令困惑。
C 动词-ing形式作宾语
动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。
能用动词-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用动词-ing形式作宾语，另一类是既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。
只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有：
admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免
put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑
delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist抵制
mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免
excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind介意
fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成
risk 冒险 include 包括 forgive 原谅
give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过
imagine 设想 cannot help 情不自禁
D 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
1 动词-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。
We heard the children shouting upstairs.
我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。
I felt my heart beating violently.
我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。
2 动词-ing形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。
He saw a girl getting on the bus.
他看见一个女孩在上公共汽车。
He saw a girl get on the bus and drive off.
他看见一个女孩上公共汽车后开走了。
3 动词-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示"致使"的动词后作宾语补足语。
They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.
他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。
I won't have you running about in the room.
我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。
We kept the fire burning all night long.
我们让火整夜燃烧着。
注意:
如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词-ing形式。
I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette.
我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。
E 动词-ing形式作定语
1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。
① 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室
running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋
a working method =a method of working 工作方法
For example:
a drawing board 画板 a sewing machine 缝纫机
a swimming pool 游泳池 a waiting room 候车室
a dining car 餐车 a driving permit 驾驶许可证
a singing competition 歌咏比赛 a walking stick 手杖
② 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developing countries = countries that are developing
发展中国家
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary
看起来很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody
困扰人的问题
2 作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.
装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去
They lived in a house facing south.
他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
3 某些情况下，动词-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。
① 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。
【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。
② 动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。
【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。
F 动词-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。(= After we have made full preparations...)
2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
由于生病，他昨天没有上学。(= Since he was ill...)
3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
= and left him a lot of money.
他父亲死了，留给他许多钱.
4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.
=If you work hard at your lessons...如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。
5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
= Although they knew all this...尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。
6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
= ...and stared at the sky for a long time
他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。
2. verb－ed形式
1 动词－ed形式表示已完成的动作。
除了作形容词用的动词-ed形式外，动词-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
One of the glasses was found broken.
有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。
2 及物动词的－ed形式一般表示被动的意思。
Given more time, I could have solved that riddle.
要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。
(句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。)
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.
你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。
(宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。)
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study.
在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。
3 不及物动词－ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。
an escaped prisoner 逃犯 = a prisoner who has escaped
a retired worker 退休工人= a worker who has retired
a newly arrived guest 新来的客人
= a guest who has just arrived
People should pay attention to the changed situation.
人们应该注意到变化了的形势。
verb-ed 用法
A 动词－ed形式作表语
1 动词－ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。
The students are fully prepared.
学生们已做好了充分的准备。
When we got there, the shop was closed.
我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。
比较
要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态表示被动动作。
Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.
彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。
2 同一动词的－ed形式与－ing形式作表语时的区别。
动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而动词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.
他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved.
看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。
比较：
amusing 使人高兴的 amused 开心的
encouraging 鼓舞人心的 encouraged 受鼓励的
disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 失望的
exciting 使人激动的 excited 激动的
puzzling 迷惑人的 puzzled 迷惑的
satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的
Worrying 令人烦恼的 worried 烦恼的
tiring 引起疲劳的 tired 疲劳的
pleasing 令人愉快的 pleased 高兴的
astonishing 令人惊讶的 astonished 惊讶的
B 动词－ed形式作宾语补足语
当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语。
1 在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作宾语补足语。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.
昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted.
我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。
比 较
动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。
I couldn't get the car to start this morning.
今早我无法把汽车发动起来。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes.
他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!
让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。
2 在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。
① 动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.
多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.
我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。
② 动词-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。
You should make your views known to the public.
你应该让公众知道你的观点。
③动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。
They all went home, leaving all the work undone.
所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.
侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房。
比 较
动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。
I couldn't get the car to start this morning.
今早我无法把汽车发动起来。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes.
他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!
让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again?
你真的能让那只旧钟再走起来吗？
动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词-ed形式，但不可用动词-ing形式。
【误】Can you make the students understanding the text?
【正】Can you make the students understand the text? 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
【正】Can you make the text understood by the students? 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
3 动词－ed形式也可用在with (without) 结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。
With everything well arranged, he left the office.
一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.
她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks.
如果不再给我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。
4 某些动词后(如want, need, prefer, would like等)，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了动词－ed形式作宾语补足语。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately.
我希望这事立即得到解决。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on.
农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。
现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别：
whom flns+sb do (经常性动作)
+sb doing sth.（正在进行）
+sth done（被动）
C 动词－ed形式作定语
1 前置定语
单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。
A watched pot never boils.
心急锅不开。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.
所有的坏门窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
提 示
如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
Money spent is more than money earned.
入不敷出。
2 后置定语
作后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。
We have read many novels written by this author.
我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。
(= that are written by this author)
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。(= who had been invited to the reception)
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。
(= which was attended by one thousand students)
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge.一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。
(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
3 动词－ed形式作定语和－ing形式作定语的区别
动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成，而动词-ing形式作定语表示动词正在进行。
the risen sun 升起了的太阳 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
boiled water 开水 boiling water 正沸腾的水
fallen leaves 落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
changed condition 改变了的情况
changing condition 变化着的情况
developed countries 发达国家
developing countries 发展中国家
自测天地
D 动词－ed形式作状语
动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
1 表示时间
动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.
从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。
(= When the city is seen from the tower...)
Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。
(= After we had been shown the lab ...)
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。
(= After he was completely examined...)
有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.
一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.
当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。
2 表示原因
动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。
(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read.
因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。
(= As it was written in haste ...)
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。
(= Because we were excited by...)
3 表示条件
动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Heated, water changes into steam. 加热，水就能变成蒸汽。
(= If water is heated...)
Given more time, he would be able to do better.
假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。
(= If he was given more time ...)
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。
(= If she was compared with other protessors...)
为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。
Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart.
虽然被对手打败，但他们并没有丧失信心。
Unless invited, he will not come back to the company.
除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。
4 表示让步
动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)
Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.
尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。
(= Even if he was laughed by many people ...)
有时动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。
Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.
= Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。
Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.
= Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.
因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城镇生活。
5 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明
动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.
老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。
(= and he was surrounded by the students)
He went into the office, followed by some children.
他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。
(= and he was followed by some children)
动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。
【误】I cannot stand laughed at.
【正】I cannot stand being laughed at.
我不能容忍被人嘲笑。
【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.
【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour.