（江苏省石庄高级中学：秦建华课堂教学用）
Language points in reading
1. motivation: motive n.(CN) 动机 目的
motivate vt. 作为┉的动机；激发
motivation n . (UN) 动机；积极性
I’m suffering from a lack of motivation. My new job is really boring.
我变得缺乏干劲，因为我的新工作极为沉闷。
The stronger the _________is, the more quickly a person will learn a foreign language.
A.acquisition B. comprehension C. association D. motivation
He was ___________ by love, and expected nothing in return.
A. driven B. motivated C. forced D. compelled (强迫)
What's the best way to learn English? Different people have different ideas. In a word love is the mother of success in Learning English. So as a teacher of English, we may know more about motivation. In this way we may do our best to motivate our students in English learning. In reading this paper, you may have a better understand in motivation. Take your role for motivating students, you'll become better in teaching.
2. memorize/memorise: to learn by heart memorise( vt ) 记住，背熟 memorise a poem 背熟一首诗
"He memorized the list of dates, but neglected the main facts corresponding to them.“ "他记住了那一系列日期,但却忽略了与其有关的主要事实。"Some programmable phones can now memorize up to 100 numbers.
有些程控电话现在能存储将近一百个号码3. dictation: The pupils wrote at their teacher’s dictation.学生按照老师的口述写下来。The teacher gave us a French dictation.老师给我们作了一次法语听写。 She was tired of her husband’s dictation.她对丈夫的发号施令感到厌烦。
I did it at my father's dictation. 我遵照父亲的话去做。
dictate v.口授，读出，强行规定，指令，指定，
The teacher dictated a passage to the class.教师读出一段文章让全班听写。
You can’t dictate to people how they should live.不能强行规定人民怎样生活。
dictate terms to a defeated enmey向战败的敌人指定条件
dictate to sb 指使，向……发号施令
I refuse to be dictated to by you.我不愿被你唤来唤去的。
dictate也可做名词：命令，指令
Follow the dictates of common sense.=Do what common sense tells you to do.按常识行事。
4. correction: Correction is act of making something right.订正，修改；校正[U][C]
Look carefully at the corrections which I have written in your essay.
请仔细看一下我对你文章修改过的地方。
These papers are in need of correction. 这些卷子需要批改。
惩治，惩罚[U]；教养[PL]
The prisoner was sent to a labour camp for correction.囚犯被送往劳工营改过自新。
make final correction 做最后的修改 make necessary corrections 做必要的修改
the corrected homework修改后的作业
5.stick (n). 枝条;柴枝[C] 棍,棒,杖;手杖[C]
Grandpa still walks without a stick. 爷爷走路仍不拄拐杖。
vt. 刺;戮;刺死 stick a pig 宰猪
钉住;插牢 stick a butterfly钉制蝴蝶标本
粘贴;张贴 They stuck the notice on the wall. 他们把通知贴在墙上。
stick out伸,伸出 Don't stick your head out of the train window. 不要把头伸出火车窗外面。
be stuck in 陷入
The ship has been stuck here for a week by bad weather. 由于天气恶劣，船只被阻在此已经一周。
Mike had the back wheel of his bus _________ in the snow.
A. to stick B stick C sticking D stuck
vi. 粘住;钉住 This stamp won't stick. 这张邮票贴不上。
陷住;梗塞;被困住 A fish-bone stuck in his throat. 他喉咙里卡了一根鱼刺。
stick to 坚持（立场、观点、岗位、诺言）
No matter what you say, I shall __________ my opinion.
A carry out B keep up C insist on D stick to
get stuck in/into sth积极地开始做…..
We got stuck in/into the job immediately.我们立刻动手干了起来。
6.Instead we learnt or acquired our mother tongue by communicating with the people around us.相反我们是通过同周围的人进行交流来学到或习得母语的。
With greater control and stronger sense of achievement,active learners are able to acquire new skills faster
and put what they know to better use.由于具有较好的自控力和较强的成就感，积极主动的学习者能够更
快地学到新的技能，并更好地运用他们学到的知识。
The less anxious and more relaxed the learner,the better their language acquisition.学习者越不紧张，越能放松自己，语言习得的效果约好。
▲acquire vt. 学到（知识等）；获得
It is through learning that the individual ___________ many habitual ways of reacting to situations.
A. retains B. gains C. achieves D. acquires
正是通过学习，个体才得以获得应付各种情况的惯常做法。
She acquired an American accent while living in New York.
她住在纽约时学会了一口美国音。
He has acquired a good command/ knowledge of the French language.他的法语学得很好。
We finally managed to acquire the committee’s approval of our plans.
我们的计划终于得到该委员会的同意
Some people go back for their education to acquire another degree or diploma to impress the society.
有些人回到学校去接受教育,是想再取得一个学位或一张文凭,以增强自己在社会上的地位。
acquire, get和gain：这三个词都有“获得”的意思,但侧重点各不相同。
acquire多指经过一段时间的艰苦努力而获得,获得的内容多是抽象的东西,并且一经获得就很难失去,如知识等。
It is not easy to acquire a knowledge of painting.学画画不是件容易的事。
get是一般用语,口语用词,用途很广。
He had got what he wanted.他得到了他要的东西。
gain常指强有力的夺取,也可指渐渐获得某物的过程。
to gain the victory after a bloody battle.血战之后,赢得了胜利
▲acquisition n. the act of acquiring; something acquired获/取/学得；获得物
This motorcycle is my latest acquisition. 这辆摩托车是我最新购置的。
▲anxious adj.
焦虑的,挂念的[(+about/at/for)]
He was anxious for the safety of his family. 他担心家人的安全。
令人焦虑的
The week of the flood was an anxious time for all of us.
闹水灾的那一星期是使我们大家都焦虑不安的日子。
渴望的 [(+for)][+to-v][+that]
We’re anxious for your safe return. 我们盼望你平安归来。
We were anxious that there be no misunderstanding. 我们极愿没有误解。
I could see that she was anxious for Laura to go. 我看得出她巴望劳拉去。
I'm really anxious to see him. 我急于见他
▲put...to use 利用，使用 come into use 开始被使用
make/good/full/little use of （好好/充分/不充分）利用 be of（no） use 有用（没用）
be in use 使用之中，使用着
The lab is in use.实验室在使用着。
We must make full use of our books.我们要充分利用我们的书籍。
Put your brains to good use.善用你的头脑吧。
7.And,perhaps most puzzling of all,how were we able to make sense of what we heard and distinguish the mistakes and errors from”good language”?也许更令人迷惑不截的是，我们怎样才能把所听到的声音变成有意义的语言，怎样把错误同“好的”语言区别开来呢？
make sense of 弄懂…的意思
Even though the speaker had a strong accent，Henry could catch on to his story，but Tom couldn't make sense of it at all 尽管演讲者地方口音很重，但是亨利能听懂他的话，而汤姆却一点儿也听不懂。 I can't make sense of either the Chinese or Korean language，and that's why I can't tell them apart．
我既不懂汉语，也不懂朝鲜语，这就是我分不清这两种语言的原因。 复习：
▲make sense 讲得通 ，有意义
It doesn’t make any sense to grow economic plants in such a poor country.
在如此贫困的国家种植经济作物是毫无道理的。
No matter how I tried to read it, the sentence didn't make sense to me.
It just doesn't make sense - why would she do a thing like that?
It makes sense (it is sensible) to take care of your health.
It makes sense to save money while you can.
in a sense = in a way在某种意义上
▲distinguish…from… 把与区别开来(tell…from)
distinguish vt.& vi. show the difference in; show the difference; make a distinction 区别；辨别
He could not distinguish cotton from wool. 他不能辨认是棉花还是羊毛。(tell…from)
You are confusing things, let me distinguish. 你把事情越弄越糟，让我来把它区分出来。
▲如何表示“不同，区别”
tell the difference between A and B说出A和B的区别，辨别A与B
tell A from B 区别，辨别A与B
What’s the difference between A and B?A和B有什么不同？
A be different from B A不同与B
do sth.differently from...做起某事来与……不同
tell ...apart 把……区分开来
8.Some believe that we are equipped with a special ability to learn language and that our brain adjusts itself to the language we hear around us.有人认为，我们具有学习语言的特殊能力，而且我们的大脑会自动调节接受我们所听到的身边的语言。
▲复习：equip vt.（1）配备，装备
equip a ship for a voyage装备船只准备出航
be equipped with modern machines 配备着现代化机械
equip（2）（智力上）准备；训练
equip a child with education 供给孩子受教育
You’d better equip your bike with a head light.你最好在自行车装个前灯。
They have equipped the army with modern weapons. 他们已经为部队装备了现代化的武器。
The army has been equipped with modern weapons. （被动语态）
adjust to 调整；调节；使适合；使便于使用
Take it easy. You will soon adjust yourself to student life
▲注意比较下面的：adapt oneself to，apply oneself to
9.Others think that we learn language in the same way we learn other things,such as walking or solving problems,and that what we are born with is a general ability to learn and adapt,not a language-specific part of the brain.还有人认为我们学习语言正如我们学习其他技能，例如走路、学习解决问题等，我们天生具有学习和适应的能力，而不是大脑中有学习语言的专门区域。
▲复习：adapt
Our eyes slowly the dark.
A.agreed with B.agreed to C.adapted to D.took in
解析：adapt to适应（新环境）；agree with（气候、食物等）适合；agree to同意，赞成（计划，提议，安排等）；take in接受，吸收。答案：C
I don’t think I shall ever adapt myself to this hot weather.
They are adapted to various climates,soil and other natural conditions.
He is adapting the novel fortelevision.他在把这部小说改编成电视剧。
复习对比：apply (…) to … use; put into practice 应用；运用
We should apply theory to practice. 我们应当把理论运用到实践中去。
The nurse applied a bandage to the wound.护士将伤口包上绷带。
You can’t apply this rule to every case.这规则并不能适用于所有的状况。
What you said doesn’t apply to me.你所说的对我不适用。
▲apply
请求；申请vi I want to apply for the job.
apply… to… 涂,敷,抹; 适用;把…应用于…vt, to put to or adapt for a special use:
Apply some medicine to his wound. 给他的伤口敷药。
New technology _is being applied to almost every industrial process.
apply oneself to 专心致力于…， apply one’s mind to专心从事于 ;
Students should apply themselves to their study.
We must apply our minds to finding a solution. 我们要动动脑筋找出解决的办法来。
Windows _____to isolate different physical environments while allowing light to pass.
A. are applied B. applying C. applied
Eco-agriculture _____to more Chinese farmland
A. applied B. is to apply C. will be applied
▲对比adapt和adopt：If we want to become successful language learners, we should try to adopt some of the study habits and characteristics described above.
采取;采纳;吸收，采用
adopt a new technique/ method/idea
Circumstances will force us finally to adopt this policy.情况最终会迫使我们采用这项政策。
The government decided to adopt the plan.政府决定采纳这个计划。
过继,收养[(+as)]
Mr. and Mrs. Williams adopted a child whose parents were dead.
威廉斯先生和夫人收养了一个父母双亡的孩子。
Mr. Kern adopted the orphan as his own son. 克恩先生将那孤儿收养为自己的儿子。
an adopted son 养子
As they haven’t a child of their own,they are going to ___________ a little girl.
A. adapt B. adopt C. accept D. receive
正式通过,接受
The agenda was adopted after some discussion. 经过讨论,议事日程获得通过。
10.Regardless of their theories,these languages experts do agree that life is a very successful language school: virtually everyone learns to use a language and has mastered the basic by the age of five.不管他们的理论如何，这些语言学家都一致同意：生活是一个卓有成效的语言学校，每个人事实上在5岁之前就学会了使用语言，并且掌握了语言最基本的东西。
The club welcomes all new members regardless of age.不论年龄
11….in other words,you were studying the language all day long.
in a/one word 总而言之;总共=in all/in total in word and in deed在言语上和行动上
word for word 逐字地 have a word with sb. have words with sb.
12.You did this for five years,so that is an awful lot of hours.
awful adj. causing fear; terrible 恐惧的；可怕的
An awful accident has happened. 一件可怕的事故发生了。
adj. very great; ugly 非常；极为
The room is in an awful mess. 屋子乱七八糟。
13.We also have textbooks,teachers and classmates to instruct and assist us in the process,and we can learn more about study methods and skills.That means we can be much more efficient.在学习过程中我们有课本、老师和同学来指导，帮助我们。我们可以学到更多的有关学习方法和技巧方面的东西。那就是说我们的学习效率会高得多。
▲instruct 指示,命令,吩咐=order, instruct sb to do sth 命令某人干某事
He instructed me to deliver it to a customer. 他吩咐我把东西送去给顾客。
The judge instructed the witness that he should tell the whole truth.法官命令见证人讲实话。
教授;训练;指导[(+in)] =teach, instruct sb in sth 教导某人某事
My job is to instruct her in English. 我的工作是教她英语。
Children must ___________ road safety before they are allowed to ride a bike on the road.
A instruct in B instruct C be instructed in D be instructed
通知,告知
My agent has instructed me that you still owe me $150. 我的代理人告诉我你还欠我一百五十美元。
instruction n.教授；命令；用法说明，操作指南
Make sure you read the instructions before you turn on the engine.打开机器之前一定要看用法说明。
receive /follow the instruction(s)接受指导, 遵从指示
give sb instructions to do命令/吩咐某人做
▲efficient adj. 效率高的，有效的，能干的 [反义词] inefficient 效率低的，不能胜任的an efficient secretary 能干的秘书
The new secretary is a quick, efficient worker, and the boss is quite satisfied with her.
新来的秘书是个敏捷的、效率高的工作人员,老板对她很满意。
This new copy machine is more efficient than the old one. 这台新复印机比那台旧的效率高。
14.The data suggests that what successful language learners have in common is,among other things,that they are interested in understanding their own thinking,curious about the world,willing to take chances and confident in their ability. 有数据表明，除了其他特点外，成功的语言学习者都有以下特点：有兴趣去认识自己的思想，对周围的世界具有好奇心，会主动抓住机遇，对自己的能力有信心。
data（datum的复数）数据，资料
data communications; data updates.数据通讯；数据更新
15.Self-confident,secure students are more successful language leaners.那些自信心强、有把握的学生是比较成功的语言学习者。
secure adj.
安全的,无危险的[(+from/against)]
Now my house is secure against burglary. 现在我的房子无被盗窃之危险。
安心的,无忧虑的
You have made me feel secure. 你使我觉得放心。
有把握的,确定无疑的
Our success is secure. 我们的成功是有把握的。
16.They are more willing to take risks and to place themselves in new learning situations.他们更愿意去冒险，把自己放到新的语言学习环境中去。
take a risk: 冒险(run the risk of 冒险)He took a risk when he crossed the old bridge. 他冒险过这座旧桥。
They took a risk in driving on, despite the storm.尽管有暴风雨,他们还是冒险驾车赶路。risk one’s life 冒着生命危险 risk failure 冒着失败的危险
risk doing sth 冒险做某事 at one’s own risk自担风险
17.If they were not,they would not be ready to experiment with new forms and to make mistakes,both of which contribute to their increased ability to learn.如果不是这样，他们就很可能不会准备去尝试新的形式，不准备去犯错误，而这两点恰恰对提高他们的学习能力是有好处的。
experiment with进行实验，尝试They experimented with new reagents and succeeded. 他们用新试剂做了试验,获得了成功。
experiment on/upon sb/animals
They experimented with new methods on the students
其他供阅读的知识点：
1.effective adj. giving an effect working well 有效的
The new law has been very effective. 新的法律很有效。
effective: adj.有效的an effective method 有效方法
The medicine is an effective cure for a headache. 这种药治头痛有很好的疗效。
"After the government had taken some effective measures, prices began to level off.“ "政府采取了一些有效措施后,物价开始稳定了。"
[词汇联想]
have an effect on/upon…对……有影响，起作用
have an impact on/upon…对……有影响，起作用
have influence on/upon…对……有影响
2.level n.
水平线;水平面[C]
The village is 1,000 meters above sea level. 这村子海拔一千米。
高,高度[C][U]
The flood rose to a level of 50 feet. 洪水涨到五十英尺高。
(文化等的)水平,程度,标准[C][U]
These students have not reached an advanced level yet. 这些学生尚未达到高级班的程度。
级别;地位[C]
They are holding a conference at ministerial level. 他们正在举行部长级会议。
3. association n.
协会,公会,社团[C]
Have you joined the teachers\' association? 你加入教师协会了吗?
联合,结合;交往[U][(+with)]
I benefited much from my association with him. 我跟他的交往中获益匪浅。
联想,联想物[C][U]
What association do you have with the color green? 绿色会使你产生什么联想?
4.Broaden vi 变宽，变阔；扩大
One’s views broaden at college. 一个人的见解在大学时代变得开阔起来。
使宽，使阔；使扩大 This narrow highway should be broadened. 这条狭窄的公路应该加宽。
5.If you were to spend as many hours studying English, you would make great progress.
如果你将花费尽可能多的时间学习英语，你会取得很大进步。
be to + 动词原形
① 表示安排或计划中即将发生的动作。
We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约定在校门口碰头。
② 表示禁止、命令等。
You are not to cheat in the examination.考试中不许作弊。
③ 表示注定要发生什么事。
His acting style was to be famous all over the world.他的表演风格注定会闻名于世。
④ 表示假设。
Certain skills must be learned if one is to use English effectively.
如果想有效地使用英语，某些技巧是必须得学的。
will do 表示单纯的将来，无意识的即时性行动。
be going to do “打算、计划、准备、即将”做某事
be to do 见上面
be about to do 眼看着就要发生某事，常与when连用。
6.Every time I take part in a group discussion or try to speak English to someone , I find it difficult to express myself.（P66）
every time/each time, the first time, (the)last time, (the) next time, the moment, the minute等名词短语用作连词，引导时间状语从句
①Every time I am will , my parents will drag me to hospital.
②The moment he saw the picture, he was attracted by its beauty.
2.But once you consider the situation further, you will realize that this is indeed the case.(P67)
This is (not) the case.
If that is the case, you will have to work much harder.
7.But you know if I hadn’t noticed the little girl crossing the street all of a sudden, I wouldn’t have knocked her down.
knock down撞倒; knock into sb.撞倒; knock out of…从..中敲出来;
knock against 撞到…上;=run into/come across
knock at/on敲… knock over打倒;打翻
knock about漫游,漂泊,闲逛
knock off 终止（工作）
Let's knock off early today and go to see a ball game．我们今天早点下班去看球赛。
knock out 击昏He received a blow on the head which knocked him out．他头上被打了一拳就昏倒了。
knock up 敲门叫醒某人Every day I had to knock him up.
8.fall behind落后
down跌倒；失败
back 后退，撤退
off 从…掉下,
over 跌倒
into 陷入
9.be concerned about/for sth/ sb = be worried about sth/sb
with sth/sb. 关心;和..有关
in sth. 参与。
10. easygoing: adj. 平和的，悠闲的 Our manager's an easygoing person; she never gets angry.
"我们的经理是个随和的人,她从不发怒。"
After he retired, he lived an easygoing life.[近似词汇]
outgoing adj. 友好的，友善的11. Overweight adj.Parents should not criticize their children for being overweight. Such attitudes could put children at risk for eating disorders, which are equal or even greater dangers to health.
12.option n选择；选择自由, 供选择的事物
You have no option.你没有选择的余地。
There are three options open to us in that matter. 在这个问题上我们有三个选择的可能。
The government has two options, to reduce spending or to increase taxes.
政府只有两种选择,不是削减开支便是增加税收。[同义词辨析]
choice 广泛地指从一组人或物中进行选择的自由：
The store offers a wide choice of fruits and vegetables. 商店提供许多可供选择的水果和蔬菜。option 常常侧重于已经被权威等所授予的一种选择能力或自由：
The option lies between accepting the candidate the administration proposes and reconstituting the search committee. 可以在接受由领导提名的候选人以及重组选拔委员会之间作出选择。selection 含有可供选择的许多不同的人或物的意思：
Parents should exercise care in their selection of the movies their young children see. 家长们在为他们年幼的孩子们挑选所看的电影时应小心谨慎。election 特别强调选择时使用判断力：
The university recommends the election of courses in composition and literature. 校方建议选择有关写作与文学的课程.
phonetic adj. representing or connected with the sounds made with the voice
表示发音的；语音(学)的
Each new word in this dictionary has phonetic symbols after it to show you how to say the word.
这部词典里，每个新单词后都有音标，告诉你如何发音。
alphabet n. the letters of the English language from A to Z字母表
There are twenty-six letters in the English alphabet. 英语字母有二十六个。
comprehension n. the act or power of understanding理解（力）
Algebra is beyond the comprehension of lower-class pupils.代数是低年级学生所无法理解的。
translator n. one that translates翻译家；译者（指笔译）
interpreter n. someone who can interpret 口译者；译员
Maria was my interpreter. 玛丽亚是我的翻译。
everyday adj. done or happening each day 每日的；日常的
everyday 是形容词，只作定语，表示“日常的，平常的”。
The everyday English should be learnt by heart.
日常英语应该记住。
every day 是副词词组，作状语，表示“每天，天天”。
We speak English every day.我们天天讲英语。
I learn everyday English. 我学习常用英语。
pile n. a lot of things lying one upon another; heap 堆
The pile of magazines should be picked up. 应该把那一堆杂志拾起来。
n. a large amount 大量；大数目；大堆
We have a pile of/piles of homework to do. 我们有许多作业要作。
teens n. the ages from 13 to 19 十三岁到十九岁的年龄；青少年
boys in their teens 少男；十三到十九岁的男孩
operation n.[c] the act of a surgeon who cuts the body of a patient（外科）手术
He has to have an operation to undergo at once. 他不得不马上动手术。
n.[u] working, the way something works 工作；运转
The machine came into operation. 机器开始运转了。
junior adj. the younger; of lower rank or position年少的；等级较低的
He is three years junior to me. 他比我小三岁。
After graduation from a junior middle school, he entered a senior middle school.
他初中毕业后进入高中。
n. a younger person 年少者；晚辈
She is my junior by seven years. 她比我小七岁。
I am his junior in life. 我是她的晚辈。
senior adj. older 年长的
I am five years senior to him. 我比他大五岁。
adj. more advanced in education 较高年级的
He studies in a senior middle school. 他念高中。
n. an older person 年长者
Paul is my senior by two years. 保罗长我两岁。
n. a person of longer service, higher rank 上司；前辈
He was my senior. 他过去是我的上级。
broaden v. to make or become broad or broader.（使）变宽，（使）扩大
For college students to do a part-time job will broaden their outlook.
打工使大学生开阔了眼界。
appropriate adj. right 适合的；适当的
Choose the appropriate words from the list below. 从下表中选择适当的词。
proficiency n. the state or quality of being proficient; competence 熟练；精通
attain proficiency in spoken English 精通英语会话