主谓一致专项复习
【学习指南】
从广义上讲，一致关系牵涉到名词和代词之间、主语和谓语之间、主语和表语之间、主句谓语动词的时态和从句谓语动词时态之间等众多的一致关系，但本章只着重论述主语和谓语在人称和数的一致关系。
本章的学习重点是主谓一致的三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。然而，在语言实践过程中往往还会出现较为复杂的情况，如有些句子的主语不能从词的形式上看出是单数还是复数，有时还会出现一些习惯用法，这就要求我们在学习过程中要记住：规则一定要遵循，例外一定要注意，惯用法一定要重视。本章难点是集合名词作主语以及形复意单的名词作主语时的主谓一致，另外并列主语的主谓一致因其例外较多，也是我们在学习过程中值得关注的焦点之一。
一、 语法一致的原则
语法一致是指主语为单数形式，谓语也用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。
1、动词不定式或动词–ing形式作主语
动词不定式或动词–ing形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
Asking costs nothing.
多问不吃亏。
2、从句作主语
名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
That they will win is certain.
他们一定会赢是确信无疑的。
When they could finish the task is not known yet.
他们何时能完成任务还未知。
Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his / her name here.
要参加比赛的人请在这里签名。
【小贴士】
但what / whoever / which引导的主语从句充当主语时，有时要看what / whoever / which所指代的词的意义来决定谓语动词的数。
What he said is true.他所说的是真的。
What we need are more volunteers. 我们所需要的是更多的志愿者。
3、“more than one 或many a + 单数名词”作主语
“more than one / many a +单数名词”作主语时，尽管其意义复数，但谓语动词还是用单数形式。但“more than + 复数名词”或“more + 复数名词 + than one”作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。
More than one student has read Rowling’s Harry Porter.
许多学生看过罗琳的《哈利波特》。
Many a student has seen the film Titanic twice.
许多学生看了电影《铁达尼号》两次。
More than two hundred people have turned out at the meeting.
两百多人退出了会场。
More students than one are against the decision.
不止一个学生反对这个决定。
【小帖士】
“one or two +复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数，但“a / one + 单数名词+ or two”作主语，谓语动词单数、复数均可。
One or two days are enough for me to finish the work.
一两天的时间就足够我去完成这工作。
Only a / one word or two is / are needed here.
这里只需要一两个字。
4、用and连接的主语
由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如表示单一的概念时，谓语动词则用单数形式（见本章第二节“意义一致的原则”）。
Rice and wheat are grown in China.
中国种植小米和小麦。
Both his father and his mother are advanced workers.
他的爸爸和妈妈都是先进工作者。
5、用with, as well as等词连接的主语
“名词+ together with/as well as + 名词”结构作主语时，不能看作是并列主语，together with或as well as之后的名词是主语的附加成分，句子的谓语动词不受附加成分中名词单复数的影响，仍和第一个名词的数保持一致。
Our monitor as well as some of our classmates has been to the USA.
我们的班长和几位同学已去过美国了。
The bat together with the balls was stolen.
球拍和球都被偷走了。
【百宝箱】
英语中有很多属于“A + as well as + B”这种结构，谓语动词应与主语A 保持一致。
A together with B A和B A rather than B A而不是B
A along with B A与B A except/but B A除了B
A including B A包括B A like/unlike B A像/不像B那样
A in addition to B A加上B A no less than B A如B一样
6、关系代词作主语
定语从句中关系代词who, that, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数与先行词的数一致。
AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body immune system and leaves a person defenseless against infections and illnesses.
艾滋病是一种破坏人体免疫系统，使人处于失去抗感染、抗疾病状态的病症。
Those who have finished the work can go home first.
那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。
I, who am your teacher, will do my best to help you.
我是你的老师，我会全力帮助你的。
【点津坊】
若先行词为“one of + 复数名词”时，从句中的谓语动词用复数；若先行词为“the only one of + 复数名词”时，从句中的谓语动词用单数。
He was one of the students who were given a prize. 他是那些获奖的学生之一。
I was the only one in my office who was invited. 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
7、由两部分构成的物体名词作主语
由两部分组成的表示衣物或工具的名词做主语时，谓语通常用复数，此类名词有：glasses（眼镜），spectacles(眼镜)，shoes（鞋子），boots（靴子），sneakers（轻便运动鞋）；trousers / pants（裤子），compasses（指南针），chopsticks（筷子），scissors（剪刀），socks（短袜）,stockings（长袜），clothes（衣服）等。但这类词如用a pair of修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
My glasses were broken while playing football yesterday.
昨天踢足球时我的眼镜被打烂了。
A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.
床底下有一双鞋。
Chopsticks were first introduced to Japan in the 3rd century A.D. and thus ended the practice of taking food directly by hand.
公元三世纪，筷子传到了日本，并从此结束了人们直接用手拿食物的做法。
【小帖士】
当a pair (of)表示“两个人”时，其谓语动词通常用复数；当表示“一对夫妇”时，谓语用单复数都行。
A pair of students are practising speaking English there. 两个学生正在那里练习讲英语。
The happy pair is/are going to Europe for their honeymoon. 这对快乐的新婚夫妇打算去欧洲度蜜月。
8、this kind / sort of +名词作主语
表示一个种类的“kind of + 名词”后面常用单数谓语动词，而“复数名词+ of this kind”后面的谓语动词常用复数。
This kind / sort of question is very difficult. 这种问题很难。
Questions of this kind / sort are very difficult. 这种问题很难。
9、amount和quantity结构作主语
“a large amount of + 不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“large amounts of +不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。类似的结构还有“a large quantity of +可数/不可数名词”结构（谓语用单数）以及“large quantities of +可数/不可数名词”结构（谓语用复数）。
A large amount of damage was done in a short time.
在短时间内就造成了巨大的损失。
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
这座桥花了一大笔钱。
A large quantity of pure water is needed there.
那里需要大量的纯净水。
Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes.
需要大量的水来降温。
10、名词所有格作主语
指商店、工场、住宅等的名词所有格作主语时，后面往往省略了shop / home等名词，如the baker’s（面包店），the barber’s（理发店），the doctor’s（诊所），the Zhang’s（张先生家）等，谓语动词一般用单数。但表示店铺名称的名词所有格，如？？？？？等，谓语动词往往用复数。
My uncle’s is not far from here.
我叔叔家离这里不远。
The baker’s was destroyed in a big fire last year.
那家面包店在去年一场大火中被烧毁了。
McDonald’s have a lot of delicious food to sell.
麦当劳有许多好吃的食物出售。
【试题播报】
E-mail, as well as telephones, _______ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
【分析】该题目考查主语加附加成分时与谓语的一致原则。主语为单数时，后面附加成分的单复数不影响谓语动词的单复数。选项B、C、D都是复数形式，故答案为A。
二、意义一致的原则
句子的谓语动词和主语的数的一致是根据该主语的意义，而不是根据语法形式决定的。当主语形式为单数，但意义为复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式；但主语形式为复数，而意义却为单数时，谓语动词用单数形式。
1、无标记复数名词作主语
people（人们）, cattle（牛群），poultry（家禽）, police（警察），youth（青年）是无标记复数名词，即没有复数标记但用作复数的名词，其谓语动词总是用复数形式。
The police were sent to the spot to keep order immediately.
警察立即被派往现场维持秩序。
Cattle are one cause of the problem.
养牛是这个问题的一个原因。
2、单复数同形的名词作主语
英语中一些单复数同形的名词作主语时，应根据其表达的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数，常见的这类名词有sheep（绵羊），deer（鹿），fish（鱼），means（方法），works（工厂），species（种类），Chinese（中国人），Japanese（日本人）；Swiss（瑞士人）；crossroads（十字路口）；series（系列）等。
The chemical works was set up in 1980.
这家化工厂于1980年建的。
These glass works are far from the city center.
这些玻璃厂离市中心很远。
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
为了防止污染，每一种方法都试过了，但天空仍然不清晰。
All possible means have been tried to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered.
为了使动植物的生命不受到威胁，所有的方法都试过了。
This species has been completely destroyed for different reasons.
由于不同的原因，这个物种已经被彻底破坏了。
Since so many species have been destroyed, we have to protect the ones that are still with us.
既然那么多的物种已被破坏，我们就得保护那些仍然与我们同在的物种。
3、集体名词作主语
团体性的集体名词表示整体时，其谓语动词用单数形式；但这些集体名词表示集体中若干个体时，谓语动词用复数形式。这类名词常见的有family（家庭），crowd（人群），class（班级），public（公众），enemy（敌人），audience（观众），government（政府），group（小组），committee（委员会），team（队），media（媒体），staff（全体职员），crew（全体人员）等。
The audience was deeply moved.
观众深受感动。（整体）
The audience were dressed in a variety of ways, some in suits and some in jeans.
观众衣着各不相同，有的穿套装，有的穿牛仔服。（个体）
A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.
情绪高昂的球队比较可能获胜。（整体）
The team are practicing hard on the playground.
队员们正在操场刻苦地训练。 （个体）
The media is not always reliable.
新闻媒体并不总是可信赖的。 （整体）
The media have made a bitter attack on the Health Minister.
各家媒体对卫生部长进行了严厉的攻击。 （个体）
【小帖士】
表示某一类东西的总称的集体名词，如clothing（衣服）, furniture（家具）, baggage/luggage（行李）, equipment（设备）等，没有复数形式，作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。
4、用and连接的表示单数概念的主语
有时，一些用and连接的主语表达的却是单数的概念，这时谓语动词也应用单数形式。
（1）用and连接的名词表示同一概念的结构作主语时
Bread and butter is nutritious for patients.
奶油面包对病人很有营养。（表示同一概念）
Both bread and butter are on sale here.
这里出售奶油和面包。（and连接两种食品）
A needle and thread was given to her, but she could not sew the button on.
针线给了她，但她不会把钮扣缝起来。（将针线作为一个整体）
Pen and ink is provided in the examination room.
考试室提供笔墨。（将笔墨视为一物）
【百宝箱】
常见的and连接的表示同一概念的短语：
bread and butter（奶油面包） a needle and thread（针线）
milk and water（掺水的牛奶） a knife and fork（一副刀叉）
fish and chips（炸鱼土豆片） a cup and saucer（一套杯盘）
meat and potatoes（肉炒土豆） a horse and cart（一匹马拉的车）
fruit and cream（加奶油的水果） a watch and chain（一只系表带的手表）
（2）“each/every/no + 单数名词+ and + each/every/no + 单数名词”作主语时
Every hour and every minute is precious.
每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。
No man and no woman is not allowed to enter the hall.
每个人都不允许进入大厅。
（3）“A and B”结构指同一人或同一概念时
Our happiness and misery is due to our own actions.
幸福与否在于我们自己的作为。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
早睡早起使人健康、富有和聪明。（指同一概念）
【巧辩栏】
有时冠词的使用可以帮助我们判断两个名词是同一还是并列。
The secretary and manager was speaking at the meeting.
那位书记兼经理在会上讲话。（只有一个冠词一般指同一个人）
The secretary and the manager spoke at the meeting.
书记和经理都在会上讲了话。（两个名词都有冠词是两个人）
5、“the + 形容词或过去分词”作主语
“the + 形容词或过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；如 “the + 形容词”指一个人或表示一种抽象概念或品质时，谓语动词用单数。
The wounded were saved by the villagers at last.
最后，伤员们被村民们救起。
The wounded in the accident was a policeman.
这次事故的受伤者是一名警察。
The beautiful is not always useful.
好看的并不总是有用的。
6、表学科的名词做主语
有些以s结尾表示学科名称的词，如physics（物理）, mathematics（数学）, economics（经济学）, politics（政治），mechanics(机械学，力学)等，作主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Physics makes much use of mathematics.
物理学要大量运用数学。
Economics is her major.
她的主修课程是经济学。
7、表示时间、距离、金额、重量等复数形式作主语
表示距离、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词作主语时，如作为一个整体来看待的话，谓语动词通常用单数。
Four hours is enough time to spend repairing the machine.
四个小时足够用来修理那部机器。
Fifty dollars was a large sum for me at that time.
那时五十美金对我来说是一大笔钱。
Twenty kilometers is a quite long distance.
二十公里是一段相当长的距离。
8、分数或百分数作主语
分数、百分比作主语时谓语动词根据后面名词决定单复数。
More than 70 percent of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
地球百分之七十以上的表面被水覆盖着。
80 percent of the scientists invited to the conference are men.
被邀请参加大会的科学家百分之八十是男科学家。
One third of the work has been finished.
已完成了三分之一的工作。
One third of the students have not passed the end-of-term examination.
三分之一的学生没能通过期末考试。
9、国家、单位、书报名称作主语
国家、单位、书报名称作主语时谓语动词用单数。
The United States is leading the world in science and technology .
美国在世界科技方面领先。
General Motors sells about 15 percent of all cars and trucks in the world.
通用汽车公司汽车的销售总量占世界的百分之十五。
The New York Times is one of the most influential newspapers in the world.
《纽约时报》是世界上最具影响力的报纸之一。
10、名词性物主代词作主语
名词性物主代词作主语时，应根据上下文的意义决定谓语动词的单复数。
Your shoes are clean, while his (= his shoes) are dirty.
你的鞋是干净的，而他的却是脏的。
Ours (=our class) is a united class.
我们班是一个团结的班集体。
11、表示数量的词作主语
一些表示数量的词，如a lot of, half of, all of, none of 等，作主语时，谓语动词的数通常与of后面的名词保持一致。
A lot of workers are on a strike for better pay.
许多工人正在为得到更高报酬而罢工。
Lots of equipment is needed in the laboratory.
实验室需要许多设备。
None of the passengers were aware of the danger.
乘客中没有一个意识到危险的存在。
None of the money has been spent on repairs.
这笔钱没有花费在维修方面。
12、a number of与the number of作主语
“a number of ＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
A number of new cars are being shown in the exhibition hall.
展厅里正在展出许多新车。
The number of the cars running on the streets is quite large.
马路上的车流量很大。
【试题播报】
The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them ______ absent for different reasons.
A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were
【分析】第一个句子的主语为the number，谓语动词应为单数；第二个句子的主语被由a number of修饰，谓语动词应为复数。故答案为C。
13、the rest of和the majority of结构作主语
the rest of和the majority of结构作主语时，谓语动词的数常与of后面的名词的数保持一致。
The rest of the books were returned to the library.
其余的书都归还给图书馆了。
The rest of the money was given to the villagers.
其余的钱都给了村民。
The majority of his classmates are from the countryside.
他同学大多数来自农村。
The majority of the damage is easy to repair.
这次的损害大部分容易补救。
14、such作主语
such作主语时根据其所指的内容决定谓语动词的单复数。
Such is our plan.
这就是我们的计划。
Such are his words.
这些就是他所说的话。
三、就近一致的原则
在一些结构或巨型中，谓语动词的人称和数须与邻近的主语保持一致。`
1、“there be”和“here be”结构
Here are my replies to your questions.
这些是我对你的问题的回答。
There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plate.
盘子里有一个苹果，两条香蕉和一些橘子。
2、部分并列连词连接两个主语时
当either…or…；neither…nor…；not only…but also…；not…but…；or，nor等并列连词连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数与邻近的主语保持一致。
Not only he but also his sisters have been to the Great Wall.
不仅他，还有他姐姐都去过长城。
Either he or you are to blame for it.
不是他就是你必须为此事负责。
Not you but I am responsible for the delay.
不是你而应是我对这次耽搁负责。
【试题播报】
Not only I but also Jane and Mary ________ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
【分析】本句考查not only…but also连接并列主语时的主谓一致。Not only…but also连接的并列主语应采用就近一致的原则，Jane and Mary充当主语用复数谓语动词，故选B。
3、倒装结构
当表示地点的介词词组位于句首时，一些表示“存在”之意的谓语动词，如be, lie, stand等，需和最靠近的主语保持一致。
Between the windows is a picture.
在两个窗户中间挂着一副画。
South of the lake stand two stone towers. 湖泊的南边有两座石塔。
【训练大本营】
一、选出正确选项：
1. Not only I but also Tom and Mary _________ fond of watching television.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
2. Twenty-five thousand dollars ________ the average income for a medium-sized family in the United States.
A. are B. is C. will be D. be
3. As a result of destroying the forests, a large _______ of desert _______ covered the land.
A. number … has B. quantity … has
C. number … have D. quantity … have
4. John is the only one of the staff members who ________ to be transferred.
A. is going B. are going C. have been going D. has been going
5. ---Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________ to go to university.
--- So do I.
A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped
6. Either you or the headmaster _________ the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting.
A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out
7. The first two problems are very different, but the rest _________ easy.
A. is B. are C. was D. is being
8. Ten minutes ________ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.
A. seemed B. to seem C. seem D. seems
9. The committee __________ among themselves for four hours.
A. has been arguing B. has been argued
C. have been arguing D. have been argued
10. All the employees except the manager ______ to work online at home.
A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged
11. Every means ______ prevent the water from ________ .
A. are used to ; polluting B. get used to; polluting
C. is used to; polluted D. is used to; being polluted
12. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power ______ increased enormously ever since.
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been
13. The number of deaths form heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _______ to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded
14. A library with five thousand books _______ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
15. The first exercise should be done in class, the rest _______ at home.
A. is to be done B. are to do C. are to be done D. is to do
16. The news I referred to ___________ in today’s paper.
A. are B. be C. have D. is
17. Most of the work ________ by the time we got there.
A. was done B. have been done C. has been done D. had been done
18. All that I want to know ________ why your condition has not improved.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
19. The professor, _______ some of his assistants, _____ to attend our meeting this afternoon.
A. and; is B. as well as; is C. or; are D. except for; are
20. There ______ more than one answer to your question.
A. have been B. has been C. are D. is
21. which of the books do you think _______ best among the best-sellers?
A. sells B. is sold C. are written D. writes
22. Growing at the foot of the hill ______ wild flowers of different colors.
A. is B. are C. was D. have been
23. This kind of stories _______ instructive while stories of that kind _______ harmful to children.
A. is; seems B. are; seem C. is; seem D. are; seems
24. When and where to build a new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
25. ---Has everyone in your class passed the test?
---No, ________ only Tom and Philip who _______ passed it.
A. it was; had B. there is, have C. it is; have D. there were; had
二、改错
1. About one fifths of the workers in the chemical works is from the countryside.
A B C D
2. I wonder if the English-Chinese dictionary I referred to belong to him.
A B C D
3. All of the information in the newspaper are correct.
A B C D
4. It is said that our League secretary as well as some of our classmates are going to take
A B C D
the Band-4 examination.
5. Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else are willing to go out for a walk in the rain.
A B C D
6. Each of the passengers have his own room in the ship.
A B C D
7. Your trousers are dirty, you must have it washed at once.
A B C D
8. Every boy and every girl are asked to attend the lecture and make notes.
A B C D
参考答案：
一、选择正确答案
1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. D
11. D 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. D
21. A 22. B 23. C 24. A 25 C
二、改错
1. D改为 are 2. D改为 belongs 3. D 改为 is 4. C 改为 is 5. C改为 is willing 6. C 改为 has 7. C改为 them 8. C改为 is
责任编辑：李芳芳