掌握句子成分,把握句子脉络,有助于理解句子意思. 见到英语句子应当首先抓住句子的主要成分,即:主语部分和谓语部分.先搞清句子所要陈述的对象(谁 或什么),干 ( 做) 什么,然后在去找修饰成分或说明成分. 句子所要陈述的对象(谁或什么) 是主语;干 ( 做) 是 谓语;谓语的承受者是宾语.修饰主语和宾语的成分是定语;修饰谓语、形容词或副词的成分是状语;系动词之后的成分是表语.例如:
The Chinese workers are building a tall building near the school .
定语 主语 谓语 定语 宾语 状语
These delicious food tastes good .
定语 定语 主语 谓语 表语
第一节 主语
主语是句子所要陈述的对象.它是一句话的"头",它回答"谁 " "什么"的问题.作主语的主要是名词和代词 ,其次还有数词, 动名词,不定式, 从句等.
例如: 1) You are wanted on the phone . ( 代词作主语)
2) Mary is the cleverest of the tree . ( 名词作主语)
3)----What makes you so upset. (疑问词作主语)
----- Losing the wallet. (动名词作主语)
4) It's no use crying over spilt milk . (动名词作主语)
5) To see is to believe . (不定式作主语)
6) Whether he comes or not doesn't matter. (从句作主语)
7) It's important for you to finish this task . (不定式作主语)
有几个值得注意的问题:
1)动名词与不定式作主语意义不同, 动名词作主语一般说来指的是一个概念或一个既成事实,如 3) 句和4)句.而动词不定式作主语则表示将要发生的事, 如 7) 句
2) 在主系表结构中,主语和表语使用不定式还是使用动名词应当一致,如 5) 句主语是to see , 表语也是不定式, 此句还可以改成,Seeing is believing .主语和表语都是动名词
3) 动词不定式作主语经常由it来作形式主语, 如7) 句中, it 为形式主语,真正的主语是 for you to finish the task .
4) 名词化的形容词也能充当主语成分, 如: the rich ( 富人) , the poor ( 穷人) , the wounded (伤员), the dying (临死的人), 例句 : The wounded are now out of danger . (那些伤员已经脱离危险)
5)主语一般情况下放在句首,只有在疑问句或倒装句中后移.
练习题
I. 找出下列句中的主语并说出是有什么来充当的
1.We wrote a letter of thanks to whoever had helped us .
2.Whether you don't like him is none of my business .
3.They live on a busy street . It must be very noisy .
4. There are some boys and girls on the playground .
5. To say it is easier than to do it .
6. It is possible to fly to the moon by spaceship .
7.My brother gave me two books . The first was a novel.
8. Skating is good exercise .
9. The wounded have already been sent to the hospital .
10. How to do it well is an important question .
1. we ( 代词) whoever (宾语从句中的主语,从属连词)
2.whether you don't like him ( 主语从句)
3.they ( 代词) ; it ( 代词)
4. some boys and girls (名词)
5.to say is ( 不定式短语) ;to do it (比较状语从句中的主语, 不定式短语)
6. it ( 形式主语, 真正的主语 to fly to the moon by spaceship )
7. my mother ( 名词) ; the first (数词)
8.skating ( 动名词)
9.the wounded ( 形容词)
10. how to do it well ( 带疑问词的不定式短语)
II.用正确的词性填空
1. _____ ( fight ) broke out between the South and the North .
2.______( complete ) the building in two months will be a great achievement .
3. _______ ( succeed ) or ______ ( fail ) depends on the support of the masses.
4.What has ________ ( happen ) proves that our policy is right .
5._____ ( its) happened that I wasn't there that day .
Key:1. Fighting 2. To complete 3.Success , failure 4. happened 5. It
第二节 谓 语
谓语是句子的躯干,说明主语的动作.谓语动词随着主语的不同而变化,随着时间的不同而变化,随着与主语的不同关系( 主动关系和被动关系)而变化,总之,时时在变.谓语有三种不同的形式: 1) 动词 They planted many trees on the hill .
2) 情态动词 + 动词 You must stay at home .
3) 系动词+ 表语 The report is very interesting .
掌握谓语应注意它的几种变化:
1) 人称和数的变化 如: I work in a foreign country .
He works in a foreign country .
2) 时态变化 如: I usually get up at six . ( 一般现在时)
I am getting up now . (现在进行时)
I got up at five yesterday .( 一般过去时)
I will get up at seven tomorrow . ( 一般将来时)
I have already got up . ( 现在完成时)
I was getting up when he came in . ( 过去进行时)
I had got up when he came to my house . (过去完成时)
I told my mother that I would get up . (过去将来时)
3) 语态变化 如: The children carried school bags . ( 主动语态 )
School bags were carried by the children . ( 被动语态)
4) 语气变化 如: I was very busy ,so I didn't go to see him . ( 真实语气)
I would have gone to see him if I had not been very busy . ( 虚拟语气)
练习题
I . 指出下列句中谓语并注意变化形式
1. The earth moves round the sun .
2. The factory has already gone into production .
3. We must get rid of bad habits.
4.Another kind of pollution is noise .
5. Your sentence doesn't sound right .
6. The leaves have turned yellow.
7. The weather continued fine for several days .
Key:1.moves 一般现在是第三人称单数2.has already gone 现在完成时3.must get 情态动词加动词4.is noise 系表结构5. doesn't sound right 系表结构否定式6.have turned yellow 系表结构完成时
7.continued fine 系表结构过去时
II. 填入动词的适当形式
1.Fifty miles _______ ( be ) not a great distance .
2. He _______ ( marry ) for three years .
3. So fast _____ light ______ ( travel ) that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed .
4. A lot of trees ______ ( must , plant ) on the hills .
5. What _____ the boy _____ ( do ) in the room ?
6. The woman did ______ ( stay ) at home last Sunday .
Key:1. is 2. has been married 3. does , travel 4. must be planted 5.is , doing 6. stay
第三节 宾 语
宾语表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者,只有及物动词才会有宾语.宾语一般放在谓语动词之后.放在动词后的宾语叫做动词宾语,而放在介词之后的宾语叫做介词宾语.
作主语成分的词也可做宾语成分,如: 名词,代词, 数词, 动名词,不定式等.
有一部分动词能跟双宾语 (直接宾语和间接宾语)人称代词做间接宾语;表示物的名词做直接宾语.能跟双宾语的动词有: give , pass , choose , teach , buy ,show , send , bring , cook 一般情况是间接宾语在前直接宾语在后, 有时,需要直接宾语提前,这时需要在间接宾语之前加上"to " 或" for " ;加"to" 加" for " 由动词决定,动词有"方向"含义的用"to", 其余的 用 " for "如 : give the book to me 把书给我
pass the knife to her 把刀递给她
buy a nice book for me 给我买本书
同源宾语是指一部分动词后跟上一个与它意义相同的宾语,如: live , die , sleep , smile dream , fight, laugh 例句: We are now living a happy life .
复合宾语是指动词后的宾语带上自己的一个补足语 .宾语与补足语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系.能跟复合宾语的动词有: call , make , let , ask , tell ,see , hear 例句:
We call him Tom . 我们管他叫汤姆. ... ( him ) is Tom
I saw him go into the classroom . 我看到他进了教室. .... him go into the classroom
练习题
I.指出下列句中宾语并注意它们的形式
1.Crusoe made another fence round his cave .
2. He gave up teaching only two years ago .
3. She has learned to play the piano .
4. It is time for supper .
5. Did you write down what he said ?
6. He's going to teach us English next term .
7.Could you spare me a few minutes ?
8.She smiled her thanks as she turned away .
Key:1. fence 名词 2.teaching 动名词 3.to play the piano 动词不定式4. supper 名词作介词宾语 5.what he said 名词性从句 6.us 代词作间接宾语 ; English 名词作直接宾语 7. me 代词作间接宾语 a few minutes 名词作直接宾语 8.her thanks 名词作宾语
II. 完成下列各句
1. I remember __________ ( 去过那里)
2.Please remember ________ ( 锁上门)when you leave the room .
3.I like _________( 唱流行歌曲)
4. I like ______ ( 唱一首英文歌曲) this time .
5. The computer can't helps us ________(解决所有 的问题)
6. The girl couldn't help _______ ( 哭) when she heard the news .
Key:1. going there before 2. to lock the door 3. singing pop songs 4. to sing an English song 5. (to) solve every problem 6. crying
III. 把下列句中的直接宾语提前
1.I'll buy you a new shirt .
2. Show me your passport .
3.Do bring me your textbook.
4. Pour me a cup of tea.
5. He paid the workers the money .
Key:1. I'll buy a new shirt for you .
2. Show you passport to me .
3. Do bring your textbook to me .
4. Pour a cup of tea for me .
5. He paid the money to the workers .
第四节 表 语
表语是用来说明主语的身份,特征和状态的,只有系动词之后才有表语. 常见得系动词有: be , become , appear , look , sound , seem , taste ,smell ,feel, get , grow , go , come
作表语的有: 名词,代词,形容词和分词,数词, 副词,从句,不定式和动名词. 如:
1) My idea is that we water the vegetables first . ( 从句)
2) I must be off now. ( 副词)
3) Their job is collecting stamps. ( 动名词)
4)Three times five is fifteen . ( 数词)
5) The match became very exciting . ( 现在分词)
6) the child feels much better today . ( 形容词)
学习掌握表语应该注意以下三个区别:
1)名词作表语与形容词作表语的区别:
名词作表语回答"What问题";而形容词作表语回答"How问题". 例如:
His father is a worker . ( What is his father ?)
His father is tall . (How is his father ? )
2)动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别:
动名词作表语回答"What问题";而现在分词作表语回答"How问题" 例如:
My job is collecting stamps . ( What is your job ? )
The book is interesting . ( How is the book ? )
3)现在分词作表语与现在进行时的区别:
现在分词作表语表示某物(人)是怎么样的;而现在进行时则表示某人正在做某事.
例如: The film is moving . ( 这部电影很动人.)
The children are moving the big table . (孩子们正挪动那长大桌子.)
练习题
I .找出下列各句中的表语并注意它们的形式
1.Beijing is the capital of China .
2. The street used to be very dirty .
3. His wish was to become an engineer .
4 .Her job is raising pigs.
5. The situation is encouraging .
6. The door remained locked .
7. We must be off now .
8. That is against the interests of the people .
9. My idea is that we should stick to our plan .
10. The question is how to run the machine .
Key:1. the capital (名词) 2.dirty ( 形容词) 3. to become an engineer (动词不定式)
4.raising pigs (动名词短语) 5. encouraging ( 现在分词) 6.locked (过去分词) 7 .off (副词）8.against the interests of the people （介词短语） 9.that we should stick to our plan (从句）10. how to run the machine ( 带疑问词的不定式）
II. 用所给词的正确形式填空
1.The news sounds __________ ( inspire )
2.We are __________ ( interest ) in the story .
3. My work is ______ ( clean ) the classroom tomorrow morning
4.The people in the city are very __________ . ( happiness)
5.That is his book . The one on the desk is _________ ( my ) .
Key:1. inspiring 2. interested 3. to clean 4. happy 5. mine
第五节 定 语
定语是修饰成分,它用来修饰名词. 用作定语的有形容词,代词，数词，名词,副词，名词所有格，分词，动名词，不定式，介词短语和定语从句。形容词，代词，数词，名词所有格，单个分词或动名词和名词作定语时放在被修饰词之前；副词，各种短语和从句作定语时放在被修饰词之后.
例如：a tall building( tall 为形容词 ） , some bananas (some 为代词）, three scientists ( three 为数词），Betty's father ( Betty's 为名词所有格 ）， a tea cup （tea 为名词）， the people there ( there 为副词），teaching plan ( teaching 为动名词），the running horse （ running 为现在分词），something to say ( to say 为动词不定式）， the books on the desk （ on the desk 为介词短语）, the people interested in the film ( interested in the film 为分词短语 )， the room where I live (where I live 为定语从句)
掌握定语有两个值得注意的问题：一、动名词与现在分词的区别 ，动名词作定语可以理解为... for v-ing , 如： a swimming pool = a pool for swimming ;而现在分词作定语可以理解为：... that is v-ing 如：an interesting story = a story that is interesting 二、复合形容词作定语，如： a three-storey-high building ( 一幢三层高的楼房） 复合形容词中的名词为单数，一定要加连字符。又如：a one-mile-wide river (一条一英里宽的河流)
练习题
I.找出下列各句中的定语并注意它们的形式
1. Our country is a great country .
2. His words moved everyone present .
3. This has to be permitted by the leading comrades .
4. He is a man loved by all .
5. We must work for the interests of the people .
6. Do you know the comrade who spoke just now ?
7. The train which has just left is for Shanghai .
8. I have something important to tell you .
9.Do you want anything else ?
10. I have a meeting to attend .
Key:1.our (代词） great ( 形容词） 2. present （形容词） 3.leading (动名词）4 . loved by all (过去分词短语） 5.of the people ( 介词短语）6.who spoke just now (从句） 7.which has just left (从句）8.important （形容词） 9.else (副词）10.to attend (动词不定式）
II. 翻译下列词组
1. a much discussed topic 6.a three-year-old boy 11.党员
2. a man -made satelite 7.a one-mile-wide river 12.服务中心
3. a chosen topic 8.一本很难读懂的书 13.游泳池
4. running water 9. 没有做的工作 14.昨天来的那个人
5. a sleeping boy 10.将要举行的会议 15.年底
Key:1.热点题目;2.人造卫星;3.选题;4.流动的水;5.正睡觉的孩子;6.三岁的孩子;7.一英里宽的河;8.a book difficult to understand ;9. undone work 10.a meeting to be held 11. a Party member; 12.a service centre ;13.a swimming pool ; 14.a man who came yesterday ;15. the end of a year
第六节 状 语
状语也是修饰成分，它是用来修饰动词，形容词或副词的。它说明动作的时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、条件、程度、伴随情况 等等。因此，状语分为：时间状语、地点状语，方式状语、原因状语、结果状语 ，条件状语 、程度状语、伴随状语等。
用作状语的有 : 副词、介词短语、分词或分词短语、动词不定式、名词和从句，例句如下： 1. Suddenly it began to rain . 天突然下起雨来。suddenly 为副词.
2. According to the plan we must finish the work tomorrow. (按照计划我们必须明天完成这项工作。according to the plan 为介词短语 ；tomorrow 为副词。
3. He sat there smoking . 他坐在那里抽烟。smoking 现在分词。
4. Not knowing what to do , he decided to ask the teacher for advice 。
不知道怎么做，他决定向老师求得建议。not knowing what to do 为分词短语
5. The other day I went to see a friend of mine in town .前几天我去看我城里的一位朋友。the other day 为名词短语，to see a friend of mine in town 为不定式短语。
6. Wait a moment . 等一会。 moment 为名词
7.If it is fine tomorrow , we'll go to plant trees .如果明天好，我们去植树。if it is tomorrow 为从句。
状语的位置比较灵活，一般有三个位置：
一，放在句尾。如：We went to the park yesterday . 我们昨天去了公园。
二 ，放在句首。如：Usually I read the newspaper in the morning , but yesterday I read them in the evening .我通常在早上读报， 但是昨天我是晚上读的。
三，放在动词之前，在 to be 或主动词或情态动词之后，这类的状语往往是单个副词。如： often , still , never , also , always , already , usually ,even , ever , quite , almost , certainly .
He always helps others . 他总是帮助别人。
I shall never forget that day . 我永远不会忘记那一天。
在句中同时有时间状语和地点状语时， 地点状语一般放在时间状语之前。如：
The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow afternoon.会议明天将在教室举行。
修饰形容词和副词的状语一般放在被修饰词之前。如：
It is raining very hard . 雨下得非常大。
enough 修饰形容词或副词时，应放在形容词或副词之后。如：
Are you warm enough ? 你够暖和吗？
练习题
I.找出下列各句中的定语并 指出属于哪类状语
1.The visitors were warmly welcomed by the students .
2. He did his experiment carefully in the lab yesterday .
3. They did everything they could to save the worker's life .
4. Being blind , how could they see ?
5. Greatly inspired by the teacher's words , I have made up my mind to work at English even harder .
6.The book is very popular among young people .
7. He entered the dark room , gun in hand .
8. I do it because I like it .
9. We must do as the Party tells us .
10.This room is larger than that one .
11.Considering her age , we must say she is doing well .
12. In spite of that,I would like to go there myself .
13.The boy lay down , dead.
14.Happy and gay , the girl rushed into the room .
Key:1. warmly (方式) 2.carefully (方式) in the lab (地点 ) yesterday (时间) 3.to save the worker's life(目的) 4.being blind ( 原因) 5. Greatly (程度) inspired by the teacher's words(原因) 6.among young people ( 范围) 7.gun in hand (方式) 8. because I like it ( 原因) 9.as the Party tells us (方式) 11.Considering her age ( 条件) 12.In spite of that( 让步)13.dead(方式)14. happy and gay (方式)
II . 用所给词的正确形式填空
1."We've won the game !" shouted the students ________. ( excited )
2.It is a ________ good place to visit . ( pretty )
3.We _______ come to see him . ( usual)
4.As we didn't know the way , we stopped _______ the way . ( ask )
5._______ in the country , I used to carry water for an old man . ( live )
6. ________ in a famous college , Tom is admired by his former classmates .( educate )
7. He returned home _______ and _____. ( proud , joy )
8.They crowded around , _______ to do something to help . ( eager )
Key:1. excitedly 2. pretty 3. usually 4. to ask 5. Living 6.Educated 7. proud,joyful 8.eager
第七节 补足语
补足语是用来对宾语进行补充说明的成分。补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，当谓语动词变为被动语态时宾语补足语就成了主语补足语了。例如：
He asked me to open the book . ( 宾语补足语)
I was asked to open the book . ( 主语补足语)
应当注意的是：宾语与补足语之间的关系是逻辑主谓关系， 这是判断补足语的重要方法。 They made him do the work . ( him 与 do 是主谓关系 ， him 是do 执行者）。
作补足语的有：形容词、名词、 副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。
例如： 1. I found the classroom empty . ( 形容词）我发现教室空空。
2. We elected him monitor . （ 名词）我们选他当班长。
3. Please call the students back at once . （ 副词） 请叫学生们立刻回来。
4. We told him to come here early . （不定式）我们告诉他早点来这儿。
5. I found him lying in bed . （ 现在分词）我发现他躺在床上。
6. I heard it spoken of in the next room . （过去分词我听到这事儿在隔壁讲过。
不定式作补足语有时可省不定式符号，这种情况取决于谓语动词，这样的谓语动词有：make , let , have , hear , see , watch , feel , observe , notice 例如:
He made me work all day . 他迫使我整天干活。
并不是所有的动词都能跟现在分词作补足语。能跟现在分词作补足语的动词有： have , see, watch , feel , hear , notice , observe , keep , find 例如:
The old woman had the lights burning all night long . 老妇人让灯点了一整夜。
练习题
I.指出下列句中补足语并注意变化形式
1.At the meeting we made him monitor .
2. What you said made Xiao Wang angry .
3. We heard him singing in the hall .
4.I found the classroom empty .
5. Please call the students back at once.
6. I can't have you say so .
7.He is asked to sing us a song .
8.Yesterday I had my hair .
Key:1.monitor ( 名词) 2. angry ( 形容词) 3.singing in the hall ( 现在分词短语) 4.empty ( 形容词)5. back ( 副词) 6.say so (不带to 的不定式) 7.to sing us a song (带to 的不定式) 8.cut ( 过去分词)
II.用所给词的适当形式填空
1. Robert is said _________ ( study ) abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in .
2. I saw the man _______ ( knock ) down and the driver _____ ( drive) away .
3.Who did the teacher have ______ (write ) an article for the wall newspaper.
4. Happiness lies in making others ________ ( happiness )
5. How can I stop him _______ ( ask ) such silly questions ?
Key:1.to be studying 2. knocked , drive 3. write 4. happy 5. asking
III. 完成下列各句
1. Have you got the supper ___________ ?
2.Let's paint the door _______ .
3. We must keep the room ________ .
4.I found it difficult to __________ .
5. I think it duty to __________ .
6.All this has made it possible for us __________ .
Key:1. ready 2. black 3. clean 4.to study maths 5. serve the people 6. to finish the work on time
综合练习题
I.指出下列句子划线部分的句子成分
1. A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.
2. Whether we'll go depends on the weather.
3. People's standards of living are going up steadily .
4. He is called Little Tiger .
5. The masses are the real heroes .
6. That was how they were defeated .
7. The nursery takes good care of our children .
8. I'll return the book to you tomorrow .
9. We always mean what we say .
10. We are sure that we shall succeed .
11. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother .
12 . There are many films that I'd like to see .
13. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ?
14. I have a lot of work to do .
15. Speak politely.
16. Anyway I won't stop you from doing it .
17. I said it in fun .
18. We can send a car over to fetch you .
19. She had to work standing up .
20 Seeing this , some comrades became very worried .
21. Much interested , he agreed to give it a try .
22 . The bus arrived ten minutes late .
23. We should serve the people hear and soul .
24. Spring coming on , the trees turned green .
25. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door .
Key:1.主语2.主语3.谓语4.谓语5.表语6.表语7.介词宾语8.状语9.宾语10.形容词宾语11.定语12.定语13.定语14.定语15.状语16.状语17.状语18状语19.状语20.状语21.状语22.状语23.状语24.状语25.状语
II. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子
1.我们的英语老师是使人愉快的人.
Our English teacher is a _____________ .
2.他晚上几乎不工作.
He ________ works in the evening .
3.我说服他戒了烟.
I persuaded him not to ___________ .
4.你接受他的礼物了吗?
Did you ______________ his present ?
5.他们去看那个要死的人.
They went to see the _______ man .
6.我们船上没有这么多的空位子.
We have no_______ for so many people on the boat.
7.字典就在架子上.
The dictionary is _______ on the shelf .
Key:1. pleasant person 2. hardly 3. smoke 4. accept 5. dying 6. room 7. right
III.指出句子的主句部分
1. It doesn't matter so much whether you will come or not .
2.I don't believe they will win the game .
3.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody .
4. I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor .
5. Tom studies hard and is ready to help others , which his parents expect .
6. It also shows you the caller's telephone number in order that you recognize who it is .
7. Whatever dictionary you have , please lend it to me .
8.What frightened us most was that two lights appeared suddenly in the darkness .
9.Is the toy that you bought in Shanghai for your little brother ?
10. It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants .
Key:1. It doesn't matter so much .... 2.I don't believe ... 3.The fact...surprised everybody
4.I watched all the glasses...fall off onto the floor 5.Tom studies hard and is ready to help others ....6.It also shows you the caller's telephone number...7....please lend it to me 8 What....was that ... 9.Is the toy...for your little brother 10.It is generally considered unwise to give a child...