阅读课设计背景
在高考英语阅读理解中，说明文是学生最难读懂的一类文章，尤其对于此类文章的主旨大意或文章结构题的解答更令学生感到头疼。临近高考，学生有了一定的词汇积累并对提高阅读水平充满期待。因此如何在日常教学中，教会学生运用有效的阅读技巧，在有限的时间内准确无误地确定文章结构或主旨是高三英语教师义不容辞的责任。
设计思路
选择与高考阅读考查水平相当的模拟题或高考真题说明文作为课堂训练材料，同时关注典型的说明文文章结构，即总--分--总或总--分--分。针对总--分--总结构的文章，使学生学会通过阅读文章首尾段及各段首句判断文章结构，进而体会此法确实可以帮助他们在有限的时间内更快地确定文章主旨或结构。对于总--分--分结构的文章，尤其当有时学生因为结构复杂或单词障碍首段没读懂时，设计阅读任务让学生体验通过阅读其他各段首句及关于文章结构的关键词来帮助理解首段，从而理解文章主旨或判断文章结构。
教学目标:
1. 使学生了解说明文的文章结构或论述方法。
2. 使学生了解并运用宏观阅读的方法确定文章主旨。
3. 通过体现文章结构的关键词, 确定该类型文章的结构。
教学重点及难点：
1. 如何找到文章的主题句并据其分析出文章的主旨。
2. 如何分析判断说明文的结构或论述方法，从而确定文章主旨。
教学过程分析：
1. 问题导入，引发思考
在学生已达成高考英语阅读中，说明文阅读特别是判断此类文章的主旨或结构较难的共识基础上，以“如何更容易地找到说明文的文章主旨或结构？”的问题导入，学生很快进入规定情景，其迫切想探个究竟的心情溢于言表，在此基础上开展的课堂阅读活动一下子由原来的索然无味变得生动而有意义起来。
2. 当堂实践，体会技巧
1）结构解读法
学生通过阅读第一篇文章（附录Passage 1---D(2009宣武二模),很快了解了文章的结构，即总-分-总（结论-研究发现1-研究发现2-研究发现3-结论），在老师的引导下，总结出文章结构是通过首段，尾段及各段首句来体现的。在此基础上完成与该篇文章相关的主旨判断题，学生会自觉地利用刚刚分析文章结构的方法来思考，从而得出结论。而且，通过此法，学生很容易分辨出其他选项的错因，如选项A和D均为文章的段意等。
2）首尾呼应法
第一篇文章确定主旨的方法体验，必然会导致学生产生质疑，“难道只读首尾段和各段首句真的就可以确定文章主旨吗？”此时老师为学生提供一个分组实践活动，即将学生分为四组：第一组只读文章首段；第二组读文章首段和尾段；第三组读文章的首尾段及各段首句；第四组读整篇文章，比赛看哪组能快速且准确的找到文章的题目，也即文章的主旨。学生迅速全心阅读，不甘示弱。课堂实践表明，第三组读得最快且全组意见最一致。（文章见附录Passage 2---D 2009天津）事实证明此方法真实有效。学生此时必然想尝试面对全篇文章时，自己是否能够通过此法获得答案，第三篇阅读文章（文章见附录Passage3--- E 2009宣武一模）无疑为学生提供了一个大显身手的机会。结果，不仅用时明显缩短，且正确率也有很大提高，甚至有些同学都可以为同伴讲解其他选项的错因了。此时，老师适时地帮助学生分析作者在阐述其结论时所使用的关键词，如：one common idea, indeed, the study shows等等，帮助学生学会在此类阅读中迅速找到结论的方法。
3） 首段不懂，另辟蹊径法
在阅读实践中难免会遇到首段读不懂的情况，因此我为学生设计了另一个集体阅读体验活动，（文章见附录Passage 4---D 2007北京）即让学生只读文章的二，三，四段的首句，即在没给首段的情况下，设法判断文章的主旨。学生必须通过综合判断三句话的内容，尤其是字里行间所表达出来的内容来判断。在课堂实践中，学生通过先自己阅读，再小组讨论的方式最终得到答案。老师此时请一名学生将其思考过程陈述给大家，即找到各段的关键词，如第二段中的more harmonious，第三段中的friends，第四段中的positive等，不难得出该篇文章的主旨为C. Harmony in family。在分析过程中发现，其实有些学生对选项中Harmony及文中第二段中的harmonious这两个词并不认识，甚至有同学觉得这个词与harm有点像。他们是通过文章中的几个关键词将其它选项排除掉的。老师以此为契机，问学生是否期待读到文章首段，学生顿感迫切，此时老师先通过ppt. 展示首段，学生很快发现首段第一句话即出现了Harmony这个词，但还是不太确定其含义，学生有些茫然，当老师告诉他们该文章还有标题时，学生甚至有些欢呼雀跃了，文章标题是The Best of Friends，这时，学生很轻松地猜出了该词词义为“和谐”。至此，请同学谈出阅读体会，即在阅读中要首先关注文章题目，首段读不懂并不可怕，我们可以通过关键词综合判断得出结论。
4） 确定结构，读关键词法
在前面体验的基础上，让学生阅读第五篇文章（见附录Passage 5 --- C 2009北京）并判断文章结构，同时提醒学生运用所学完成任务。结果，学生通过关注文章题目以及第一段，也即结论段中的creativity, focused和 relaxation三个词，分别与第二段中的creativity，第三段中的concentrate，第四段中的focus of attention，第五段中的relaxation等关键词，很容易发现其中三四两段说明的是同一内容。文章的结构也就自然而然的判断来了。
3. 回归问题，让学生总结出“如何更容易地找到说明文的文章主旨或结构？”的问题答案。重申课堂中训练过的技巧，即:说明文结构大多规整，因此，我们一般可以通过读首段或首尾段，及中间各段的主题句来判断文章主旨；同时在了解文章主题的情况下，关注关键词，从而判断文章结构。也即，我们要在阅读中学会从宏观上把握文章来了解其主旨或结构。并鼓励学生“Practice makes perfect”（实践出真知），同时让学生阅读类似文章及课堂上读过文章的其他试题，体会了解文章主旨后能否帮助其更好的完成阅读任务，力争在实践中不断提高阅读能力和水平。
课后小结：
本节课以提高学生说明文阅读能力为目标，重点关注阅读方法的指导。由于以学生最感困惑的阅读文章类型及最难解答的题型作为导入，即“如何在有限的时间内更快地发现说明文的文章结构或主旨？”，学生迫切想知道问题答案的心情溢于言表，很快就进入了欲亲自探个究竟的状态。接下去学生在老师的引领下，完成一个个阅读任务，并不断探索着解决方法。在课堂教学中老师因势利导，如当学生不知道harmonious的词义时，老师并没有直接告诉学生，而是让他们通过其他段的主题句，及之后给出的首段和文章的标题，让学生猜出该词词义，学生切身体会了遇到生词的处理方法，效果很好。
从整个环节的设计来看，注重层层深入，每个方法都力图让学生通过自身的阅读体验，或小组活动，或互相讨论，自己找到答案。学生普遍感觉原来认为无从下手的难题可以化繁为简，连难以跨越的生词障碍也变得没那么可怕了。此课适合在高三下学期，当学生有了一定的词汇积累，迫切想提高阅读效率时对他们进行方法指导。
附录
Passage 1---D (2009宣武二模)
“Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise,” said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While here’s on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you’re able to rise tys Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on one’s life, “It’s the occasional burst of stress or brief experience of stress that could be protective.”
67．The passage is mainly about______.
A．how to promote immune function
B．the benefits of manageable stress
C．how to deal with stress effectively
D．the effect of stress hormones on memory
答案 B
Passage 2----D（2009天津）
Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation（感觉） of warlin A, an antibody（抗体）that’s the body’s first line of defense against germs. However, the video-watchers experienced a fall in the antibody.
Stress encourage body to produce certain stress hormones（荷尔蒙）. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improved memory function. “They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage,” says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.
“Continuous stress is not good for you,” says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on one’s life, “It’s the occasional burst of stress or brief experience of stress that could be protective.”
67．The passage is mainly about______.
A．how to promote immune function
B．the benefits of manageable stress
C．how to deal with stress effectively
D．the effect of stress hormones on memory
答案 B
Passage 2----D（2009天津）
Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation（感觉） of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions-those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.
Psychologists have known that one person’s perception（感知） of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.
Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.
To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses（假设）, handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.
“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.
55. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships.
B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation.
C. Developing Better Drinking Habits.
D. Physical Sensations and Emotions.
【答案】D
Passage 3--- E（2009宣武一模）
Why is it that many people who have suffered a major shock，such as divorce or death of a family member，seem to be weaker against a variety of major and minor illness．One common idea among psychologists has been that people could deal with suffering more effectively if they were able to understand and accept it．Indeed，many experts stress the value of expressing thoughts and feelings connected with upsetting events．
Recently，a team of medical researchers studied the links between describing psychologically painful events and long-term health．In one experiment healthy college students were asked to write about either personally disturbing experiences or ordinary topics over a period of four days．In the months afterwards，students who had chosen to show their inner thoughts and feelings in their writing visited the health center for illness much less often than those who had written about everyday topics．
In an experiment that followed，another group of healthy students were given the four-day writing exercises．Some chose to write about highly personal and upsetting experiences(including loneliness，problems with family and friends，and health)．When questioned immediately afterwards，they said that they did not feel any better．However，their blood samples(样本)taken before and after the experiment showed evidence of an improved resistance to illness．The white cells that right off bacteria and viruses had increased their reaction and sensitivity to these“invaders”．This trend continued over the following six weeks，when another blood sample was taken．Individuals who showed the best results were those who wrote about topics that they had actively kept from telling others about
The researchers suggested that failure to face up to painful experience can be a form of stress itself，and can increase the possibility of illness . It follows，then，that actively dealing with a major shock makes possible its understanding and acceptance．The answer is not to suffer in silence．It may not always be possible to talk about personal problems，but writing them down will help the body to fight disease in the long run.
75．What is the best title of the passage?
A．Suffering and health．
B．Inner thoughts and feelings．
C．Illness and health
D．Mental illness and social acceptance．
【答案】A
Passage 4---（2007北京）D
The Best of Friends
The evidence for harmony may not be obvious in some families. But it seems that four out of five young people now get on with their parents, which is the opposite of the popularly held image(印象)of unhappy teenagers locked in their room after endless family quarrels.
An important new study into teenage attitudes surprisingly shows that their family life is more harmonious than it has ever been in the past. “ We were surprised by just how positive today’s young people seen to be about their families,” said one member of the research team. “ They’re expected to be rebellious(叛逆的) and selfish but actually they have other things on their minds; they want a car and material goods, and they worry about whether school is serving them well. There’s more negotiation(商议) and discussion between parents and children, and children expect to take part in the family decision-making process. They don’t want to rock the boat.”
So it seems that this generation of parents is much more likely than parents of 30 years ago to treat their children as friends. “ My parents are happy to discuss things with me and willing to listen to me,” says 17-years-old Daniel Lazall. “ I always tell them when I’m going out clubbing. As long as they know what I’m doing, they’re fine with it.” Susan Crome, who is now 21, agrees. “Looking back on the last 10 years, there was a lot of what you could call negotiation. For example, as long as I’d done all my homework, I could go out on a Saturday night. But I think my grandparents were a lot stricter with my parents than that.”
Maybe this positive view of family life should not be unexpected. It is possible that the idea of teenagers rebellion is not rooted in real facts. A researcher comments, “Our surprise that teenagers say they get along well with their parents comes because of a brief period in our social history when teenagers were regarded as different beings. But that idea of rebelling and breaking away from their parents really only happened during that one time in the 1960s when everyone rebelled. The normal situation throughout history has been a smooth change from helping out with the family business to taking it over.”
71.What is the passage mainly about?
A. Negotiation in family
B. Education in family
C. Harmony in family
D. Teenage trouble in family
【答案】Cs5u
Passage 5---（2009北京）C ks5u2
How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings
Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical（经验的，实证的） basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused and lead to relaxation.
Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room's ceiling affects how people think. Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.
In additions to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant's ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.
Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design & Planning Laboratory at the University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.
Recent study on room lighting design suggests than dim（暗淡的） light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.
So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. "We have a very limited number of studies, so we're almost looking at the problem through a straw（吸管）," architect David Allison says. "How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them? That's what we're all struggling with."
67. Which of the following shows the organization of the passage?
CP: Central Point P: Point SP: Sub-point（次要点）
C: Conclusion
【答案】C