Period 1 Words Learning
attractive adj. 有吸引力的； 吸引人的
Attract v. 吸引，使喜爱， 引起......好感(passive )
Attraction n. [U] 爱慕；吸引
[ C] 向往的地方，有吸引力的事；景点，名胜
Eg : I’m always attracted by the beautiful scenary of France.
The main attraction at Bei Jing is the Great Wall.
She is an attractive woman .
fortunate adj. 幸运的，吉祥的
Fortune n [U] 机会；运气
[C]巨款；命运；前途；发展变化的趋势
Phrases: I.be fortunate to do sth 有幸做......
Eg : She has been fortunate to visit her ideal collage.
II.be fortunate in 交好运，有福气
Eg : I’m very fortunate in having a good parents who are in favor of my job.
III. It is /was fortunate for sb.that ...
谁运气好........
Eg : It was fortunate for him that he arrived in class before the teacher.
IV make a fortune 发财
Eg : He made a fortune in wool business.
sound vi 听起来
n. [U] 声音，声响，音响
[C]嗓音，音乐风格
adj. 安全的，健全的，完好的
adv. 彻底地，充分地
用法：I. sound 作为联系动词，为“听起来” 后可接形容词作表语，还可接名词，代词，介词或从句。
Eg: The song sounds good.
It sound a good idea.
Your voice sounds as if you have a cold.
词组： sound like 听起来像（oral/ informal)
Sound as if /as though 听起来像（written/formal)
II sound voice noise辨析
Sound :泛指自然界所有的声音，可以是悦耳的也可以是噪音
Voice: 特指人通过发音器官发出的声音，可以是说话声也可以是唱歌声
Noise：一般指刺耳，喧嚣的声音。
bother vt. 麻烦，打扰，烦扰
n.[U] 麻烦，困难
[C] 令人烦恼的情况，物，事（a bother)
Phrases : I bother with /about sth 在.....花费时间、精力（常用于否定句和疑问句）
Eg: The problem has been solved so you need not bother with it any more.
II bother to do sth / bother doing sth 花费时间精力做.....
Eg : Why do you bother reading this novel if you are not truly interested?
III bother sb about/ with sth 使某人烦恼；给某人造成麻烦
Eg : I don’t want to bother my mother with my business at the moment.
IV It bothers sb that... 让人感到不安
Eg : It bothers you that she is better than you in study.
approach vt 接近；建议；要求
n. [C]（待人接物或思考问题的）方式，方法，态度；
靠近，接近；道路
Phrases : I approach sb. about/for sth /doing sth 建议/要求某人......；与某人接洽做.......
Eg: She approached the teacher for another paper.
II at the approach of 在......快到的时候
Eg : She finally finished the propose at the approach of meeting.
III make approaches to sb. 接近某人；与某人打交道
Eg : The seller makes approaches to the boss.
IV an approach to ....做某事的方法/途径；通向某地的路径
Eg : The school found an approach to solving the shortage of money.
exchange vt 交换，交流，换掉
N. [C U]交换，交流；兑换，交谈
Phrases: I exchange sth with sb 和某人交换某物
Eg : Lucy exchanged telephone numbers with John.
II exchange A for B 用A换B
Eg : The book seller exchanged his watch for a ticket back to the town.
III in exchange for 作为交换
Eg: The enemy would like 4 tones of rice in exchange for the prisoners.
survive vi 死里逃生；大难不死
Vt 比....活得长；幸免于；生还于
Survivor n. 幸存者；生还者
Survival n. 幸存；残余物
Phrases :I survive (from) sth. 经历（事故、火灾、地震......）幸存者
Eg ：She survived from the storm.
II survive sb 比某人活得长
Eg : The old woman survives her husband by ten years.
III survive on sth 靠.....为生
Eg : The orphan survives on food given by kind people.
IV survive as sth 担任......
Eg : He survived the headteacher until he was seriously ill six months ago.
contract vt 联络；联系
N. 接触；联系；交往，熟人
Phrases: I make contact with sb /get into contact with sb./keep in contract with sb
与.....联系/ 与......取得/保持联系
Eg : I made contract with Mike last night because of Lucy’s party.
II be in/ out of contract with sb 与.....有/没有联系（=lose contract with sb.)
Eg : She was out of contract with her relatives since her parents died in a crash.
注意： keep/be in contract with 和be out of contract with 表状态，可与时间段连用；make/get into contract 和lose contract with 表短暂的动作，不能与时间段连用。
Period 2 Sentence Analysis
It’s been six years since we last saw each other.
由since 引导的时间状语从句
结构：I It is/has been +时间段+since+句子（一般过去时）
II It was +时间段+since+句子（过去完成时）
译为：自从....以来有......时间
Eg : It has been five years since we worked in the company.
since引导时间状语从句根据其后所跟动词，意思有所变化。
(1) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是短暂性性动词(如go，come，leave， start， begin等)的过去时， 则从句表示的时间是“从该动作开始的那一时刻起”。这是最常见的一种用法。
Eg:He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自从来到我们学校， 他学习就非常努力。
(2) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的静态动词(如live， stay， study， learn， smoke， be等)的过去时， 则从句表示的时间是“从该动作或状态的完成或结束时算起”。
Eg :I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.
这句话应译为：从他不住这儿起， 我一直没有收到他的信。
试比较：
He has written to me frequently since I was ill.
自从我病愈以来， 他经常给我写信。(从句谓语为状态动词)
He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.
自从我生病以来， 他经常给我写信。(从句谓语为终止性动词)
(3) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词或静态动词的现在完成时， 则表示动作和状态延续到现在(说话时刻)， 其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。
Eg:He has written to me frequently since I have been ill.
这里have been ill表示状态的持续性， 时间的起点应从：“开始生病”时算起。因此此句可理解为：“自从我生病以来， 他经常给我写信。”
试比较：
I’ve written her 20 letters since I have been here.
自从我来到这， 我已经给她写了20封信。(从开始算起)
I’ve written her 20 letters since I was here.
自从我离开这儿， 我已经给她写了20封信。(从结束算起)
(4) It is + 段时间 + since... / It has been + 段时间 + since...表示“从……起已有多长时间了”。两句型意思相同， 前者是规范说法， 后者是口语说法。
用法：since从句中常用一般过去时，若从句中是持续性动词的一般过去时,则表示该动作结束有多长时间了。如：
It is three years since he smoked.
他不吸烟已有3年了。
试比较：
It is three years since he began to smoke.
It is three years since he has smoked. 两句均意为：他吸烟已有3年了。
注意：在这种结构中， since引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义， 试比较：
他好久没学汉语了。
误：It is a long time since be didn’t study Chinese.
正：It’s a long time since he studied Chinese.
(studied为持续性动词， 应从其动作结束时算起)
this is the first time I’ve visited your hometown.
句子分析：It is／ was ／will be the + 序数词 + time that 从句。
该句型意为“这是／那是／这将是某人第某某次做某事了”。主句谓语动词用is时，从句用现在完成时；主句的谓语动词用was时，从句用过去完成时；主句的谓语动词用will be时，从句的谓语动词用一般现在时表示将来。如：
Eg :She understood what I was talking about, even though it was the first time we had spoken together.
注意：句型中 it 可以用this 或 that，time 可以用成 week，year，month 等表示时间的名词。如：
Eg :This is the first month that/ year I have been here. 这是我在这儿的地一个月/第一个年头。
They have put up a lot of high-rise buildings recently.
Put up 建立，建造；抬起，举起
与“put”相关词组
Put forward 提出
Put on 穿上；上演；假装
Put down 放下；写下；镇压
Put up with 忍受；忍耐
Put away 放好；积蓄（put sth away 拿开；移走）
（4）I have always enjoyed living in them.我很喜欢住在城市里。
enjoy doing sth.英语中有一些动词只能接ing作宾语，如：avoid(避免), admit（承认）, appreciate（欣赏，感激）, excuse（原谅）, imagine（想象）, finish（完成）, deny（否认）, keep（一直做）, mind（介意）, miss（错过）, prevent（阻止）, suggest（建议）, stand（忍受）
Eg：I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.
Eg :I really appreciate your helping me.我真的很感激你的帮助
There are times when I need to get out into the countryside and get away from the noise.
Phrase: get away（from）sth/sb./dong sth离开，离去，摆脱
Eg:I’m afraid I can’t get away from the meeting.
拓展：get away with带某人/某物逃跑；（做了坏事却）逍遥法外
(6)Everyday English中的词组
A good many许多，大量的，修饰可数名词复数
类似可以修饰可数名词的词组a large number of, 等。 修饰不可数名词的词组有：a great deal of, a large amount of等。既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词的有：plenty of, lots of, a large quantity of,等
Eg :A smaller number of families may raise children.
Eg:He has a great deal of experience.
Eg:He has earned large amounts of money.
Eg:He ate a small quantity of rice.
Period 3 Grammar -the Past Perfect Tense （现在完成时）
现在完成时由have/has+过去分词组成，规则动词的过去分词与过去式同形，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。与现在完成时连用的时间状语主要有两类，一类是表示不确切的时间状语，如just， ever， never， yet， already， before等；另一类是表示包括现在在内的时间状语，如these days， since…，for a long time， this year， so far， up till now 等。
该时态的主要用法如下：
I. 用来表示从过去到现在这段时间里已完成且对现在有影响的动作，例如：
1.John has been to Beijing.（说明他现在已经返回） 去过北京
2.John has gone to Beijing.（说明他现在不在此地）去北京了
3.I have seen the film many times.（说明对电影内容很熟悉）这个电影我看过很多次了
II. 表示从过去延续到现在的动作或状态，例如：
1.How many pages have you covered today? 你看了多少页了？
2.It has rained a great deal since you left. 自从你走后，总是下雨。
3.She has been ill for three days. 她病了三天了。
II. This/It is the first /second time…结构中
1.This is the first time I have eaten Pizza. 这是我第一次吃比萨饼。
2.This is the first time they have seen a panda. 这是他们第一次看见熊猫。
3.It is the first time John has played golf. 这是他第一次玩高尔夫球。
IV.关于现在完成时还有以下几个值得注意的问题：
1）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
在单纯谈一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，通常用一般过去时；若谈一件已经发生的事情，不考虑它是什么时候发生的，而主要考虑对现在的影响，则多用现在完成时。
1.Did you get up very early? (强调动作本身) 你起的早吗？
2.Has he got up? （强调现在的情况）他现在起来了吗？
3.What did you have for lunch? （只是想知道所吃事物而已）你午餐吃的什么？
4.Have you had lunch? （所关注的问题是现在肚子饿不饿）你吃午餐了吗？
5.My sister studied English for two years.（只说明过去学过英语，可能现在已经忘了。）
我姐姐曾经学过两年英语。
6.My sister has studied English for two years.（说明现在懂英语）我姐姐已经学两年英语了
2） 瞬间动词不能用带有表示一段时间的状语的现在完成时，例如下面几句均正确：
Her granny has died.她祖母死了。
Her granny died a year ago.她祖母一年前死了。
Her granny has been dead for a year.她祖母已经死一年了。
但不能说：Her granny has died for a year.
It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时或现在完成时"结构举例如下：1.It is three years since I (last) saw Bill.
2.It is three years since I worked there. 我不在那里工作已经3年了。