【知识点】
Ⅰ. 单词和词组
四会：reason (v .) , roll over , give out
三会：in chains , daylight , from generation to generation , worthwhile
Ⅱ. 交际英语
expressing wishes , hope and desire
1. I wish to do … / I am going to do …
2. I want / hope / would like to … ; I intend / mean / plan to do …
3. I would do it if I had the chance .
4. If only I could do …
5. I wish I could do …/ I wish I had …/ I wish I were …
6. I wish you every success .
7. Good luck !
8. I feel like doing sth
9. I'm ready to do …
10. I would rather not tell you .
11. I have been looking forward to doing …
12. I've always dreamed of …
13. So do I .
Ⅲ. 语法学习
在本单元，同学们将对it的用法作以系统归纳，并具体理解高考中对it的测试热点。
【重点难点讲解】
1． Born a free man, he was now in chains.
虽然生是自由的人，现在他却带着镣铐。
in chains 带着镣铐，受到束缚。例：
The prisons were put in chains.
2． Heavy iron chains around his feet and hands were fixed to a metal bar that ran round the hall about ten centimeters off the ground.
手上和脚上沉重的铁链被拴在厅堂四周离地只有10厘米的金属杆上。
around his feet and hands介词短词作定语，修饰chains。be fixed to被固定在。例：
The tables are firmly fixed to the floor.
The chair was fixed next to the desk.
3． One man had a head wound and was in pain.
有一个人头部受了伤，非常痛苦。
in pain 疼痛，痛苦。例：
I'm wounded and in pain.
4． Kunta had been seized in the forest and then hit on the head with a hard object.
昆塔在森林中被抓住，脑袋上还被一个硬物打了一下。
seize（突然）抓住。如：
The cat seized the bird.
5． What shocked him most was that the men who carried him were black.
最使他震惊的是搬运他的人竟是黑人。
What shocked him most 是由what 引导的主语从句，what在从句中作主语。
that the men who carried him were black 是由that引导的表语从句。
6． He reasoned with them and tried to persuade them to set him free.
他和他们讲理，并试图说服他们放了他。
reason"讲道理"，在此是不及物动词。例：
He will not reason, he just makes wild statements.
set sb. free 放掉某人。例：
They set the prisoner free.
7． Kunta was thrown into the bottom of the boat and covered with an old smelly cloth.
昆塔被扔到了船底，盖上了一块发霉的旧布。
be thrown into 被投入。例：
He was thrown into prison after he was arrested.
8． The men took him in their boat to the castle where he was now held prisoner.
人们用船把他送到了那个城堡，在那里他被囚禁起来。
hold 在此作扣押解。prisoner作主语补足语。
9．There is a journalist and writer living in America whose name is Alex Haley.
有一个住在美国的记者兼作家，叫阿里克斯.哈里。
a journalist and writer 是一个人；
a journalist and a writer 是两个人。
living in America whose name is Alex Haley是v-ing形式作定语，修饰a journalist and writer，其作用相当于定语从句。
10． On his arrival he was sold to a farmer and worked in the fields.
他一到那里，就被卖给了一位农民，并开始在地里干活。
on his arrival 在他到达时。
on 接v-ing 形式、名词，可以表示在……时，在……之后。例：
On reaching the city he called up his wife.
On his return from Europe, he set to work.
11．All the stories of families, heroes, wars and journeys are passed down from generation to generation.
所有家史、英雄、战事和旅行的情况都是世代相传的。
pass down 传下来。例：
The skill had been passed down over four generations.
【语法－It句型的用法小结】
一、It引起的几个易混淆的时间句型
在学习中，同学生们对"It + be + 时间 + 从句"这个结构经常混淆不清，下面逐一进行分析。
1，It + be + 时间 + since-clause
这个句型表示从since 从句谓语动作发生以后到现在或过去所经过的一段时间，意为"自从......以来已多久了"，主句多用一般现在时，从句用一般过去时，如果表示过去的情况，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时，或主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
例如：
It is three years since his father passed away . (从现在算起)
It was 10 years since they married . (从过去算起)
It had been fifteen years since she left Shanghai . (从过去算起)
30 years has passed since we joined the Party . (从现在算起)
2，It + be + 时间 + before-clause
这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语(如：long years , months , weeks , days ,hours , minutes ) ，主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为"过多长时间才......"。
主句的谓语动词是否定式时，意为"没过多长时间就......"。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be；用was 时，before从句的动词用一般过去时；用will be 时，before从句常用一般现在时。 例如：
It was not long before she learned those poems by heart . 她没过多久就背会了那些诗歌。
It was long before the police arrived .过了很久警察才来。
It will be hours before he makes a decision . 要过好几个小时他才会作出决定。
It will not be hours before meet again . 要不了几个小时我们还会再见面的。
3，It + be + 时间 + when-clause
这个句型中, it 指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词(时间一般为具体时间)。主句中的谓语动词和从句中的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，主句是will be，when从句用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
It was already 8 o'clock when we got home .
It was the next morning when we finished our work .
It will be midnight when they get there .
4，It + be + 时间 + that-clause
这个句型是个强调句型。例如：
It was two years ago that he made an important invention .
(原句是：He made an important invention two years ago . )
It was at 5 o'clock that he practised playing the violin in the morning .
(原句是：He practised playing the violin at 5 o'clock in the morning . )
比较：It was 5 o'clock when he started in the morning .
(5 o'clock前没有介词，这是个定语从句)
5， It + be + time + that从句
这个句型属虚拟语气结构，不管主句中用的是 is 或 was ，that从句都须用动词的过去式或should + 动词原型(但不及用过去式普通)，在time之前有时可加上high或about 以加强语气。例如：
It is time(that)we handed in our exercises .(= It is time that we should hand in our exercises .)
It is high time (that ) she wrote a letter to her boyfriend .
6，It / This / That + the first(second , third …) time + that从句
这个句型表示截止到说话时为止的某人的一种经历，关键是注意time前有序数词，主句是 is 时 ，从句要用现在完成时；如果主句用一般过去时was ，则从句须相应地用过去完成时。例如：
This is the first time (that) these Europeans have visited the Great Wall .
It was the fifth time (that) I had paid a friendly visit to Africa .
二、It代替从句作形式主语的常见句型
1，it 代替连词 that 引导的从句作形式主语。
1) it + be + 过去分词 + that 从句
It's said that Tom has come back from abroad . 据说汤姆已经从国外回来了。
It was reported that dozens of children died in the accident . 据报导，数十名儿童在事故中死亡。
可用于该句型的过去分词还有：known , thought , told , believed , hoped , announced ,expected , decided , suggested等，该句型常可以转换成含有宾语从句的复合句或者含有不定式作主补的简单句。如：
It's said that Tom has come back from abroad .
→People say that Tom has come back from abroad .
→He is said to have come back from abroad .
2) It + be + 名词词组 + that 从句
It's a pity that he can't swim for his age . 真遗憾，就他的年龄来讲，他竟不会游泳。
It's a wonder that you could finish such a hard task in such a short time .
真奇怪，你竟能在如此短的时间内完成艰巨的任务。
可用于该句型的名词词组还有：an honour , a good thing , a fact , a surprise , good news等。
3) It + be /seem + 形容词 + that 从句
It is likely that they will beat us tonight .今晚很可能他们会赢我们。
It doesn't seem that she will give us a hand .她帮我们的可能性似乎不太大。
可用于此句型的形容词还有；wonderful , true , good , right , wrong , (un)important ,useless , surprising , clear , possible , unusual , lucky , certain 等。
4) It + seem / appear / happen + that 从句
It seems that he enjoys pop songs very much .看来他非常喜欢流行歌曲。
It appears that Tom might change his mind .看来汤姆会改变主意。
It happened that I went out that day .碰巧我那天外出了。
注意，句型4可转换成含不定式的简单句。如上述句子可转换为：
He seems to enjoy pop music very much . / Tom appears to change his mind ./ I happened to go out that day.
2. it 代替连接代词或连接副词引导的从句作形式主语。
1) It is known (not decided , not made clear , found out , discussed , being discussed , being considered , a question , uncertain等) + 连接代词或连接副词引导的从句。如：
It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet . 我们将什么时候举行运动会还是一个问题。
It is uncertain whether he can attend this conference or not . 他能否来开会还不能确定。
2) It doesn't matter(doesn't matter too much , doesn't make too much difference等) + 连接代词或连接副词引导的从句。如：
It doesn't matter whether we go together or separately . 我们一起去还是分开去都可以。
It doesn't matter too much to me what you do or where you go . 你做什么或去什么地方，对我都无关紧要。
【例题解析】
例1，Was it in this palace _______ the last emperor died ?
A. that B. in which C. in where D. which
【答案】A
【解析】测试it 用在强调结构中，为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语或状语），常用强调It is (was) + 被强调成分 + that(或who)…。被强调部分指人时用 that 或 who ，在其它情况下（包括强调时间或地点状语）用that 。
例2，I don't think ______ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work .
A. this B. that C. its D. it
【答案】D
【解析】测试 it 用作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。当宾语有自己的补足语时，用it作形式宾语，真正宾语放在补足语之后。常用这种句型的动词有think , make , find , feel , consider 等。
例3，Is _______ necessary to tell his father everything?
A. it B. that C. what D. he
【答案】A
【解析】测试 it 用作形式主语，代替由不定式（或不定式复合结构）、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。
例4，Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder , but ______ didn't help .
A. he B. which C. she D. it
【答案】D
【解析】测试 it 用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。