g1Unit 16 Scientists at Work

发布时间:2016-8-24 编辑:互联网 手机版

目标导引

1.单元词汇及短语

instruction, in one’s opinion, a waste of, make use of ,conduct ,a number of ,a great deal of ,tie to, stopfrom doing sth ,tear down ,in tears end in ,be made up of ,work with ,be against

2.单元句型

(1)What is to be done when anything gets into your eyes?

(2)In my opinion, it is a waste of money.

(3)I saw some of the hairs on the string stand up.

(4)The string was getting charged.

3.单元语法

Word Formation: Compounds

核心知识

重点词汇及短语

(1)make use of利用

也常说make good(full, the best)use of.

eg.How do you make use of your spare time?你是怎样利用你的课余时间的?

make还可构成一些词组,在本单元有be made of, be made up of.

1)be made of由制成,制成后看得见原材料

eg.The desk is made of wood. 这个桌子是木头做的。

2)be made from也是“由制成”,但看不见原材料。

eg.Some paper is made from rags.

有些纸是破布制成的。而be made into则是“可制成”

ge.Wood can be made into desks.

用木头可制成桌子。

3)be made up of是指“由组成”

eg.The Third World is made up of the developing countries.

第三世界是由发展中国家组成的。

【注】make up for是“弥补”的意思。

eg.We should make up for the lost time.

我们应该弥补失去的时间。

试题:填空

1.Wine is made _____grapes.

2.Cloth is made_______ cotton, wool, silk and other materials.

3.Glass is made ______bottles.

4.British is made ________some islands.

5.She more than made _________the playing she missed.

答案1.from 2.of 3.into 4.up of 5.up for

(2)a great deal of

许多,大量,修饰不可数名词,如:spend a great deal of money花很大一笔钱。表示“许多,大量”意思的词有:a large amount of ,a great/good deal of修饿不可数名词,a number of ,a great many 修饰可数名词;a lot of, a large quantity of则既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词。

eg。1.take a great deal of trouble费尽心力

2.a great many students许多学生

3.a large quantity of water/books许多水/书

(3)tieto

1)把系在上面

eg.He tied his dog to a young tree.他把狗系在一棵小树上。

2)还可作名词用,“带子,领带 ”及“平手,平分胜负”。

eg. 1.I bought a new tie yesterday.我昨天买了一条新领带。

2.The game ended in a tie,2-2, 这场比赛不分胜负,二比二。

(4)stopfrom doing sth.

1)阻止某人做某事,相当于prevent sb.from doing sth,其中from可以省略。keepfrom doing sth.也是阻止某人做某事,但from不能省略。

eg.What stopped you (from)going with them?

什么阻止了你和他们一道去?

2)stop doing sth.指“停下正在做的事”,而stop to do sth.是停下正在做的事去干另一件事。

eg. 1.I stopped watching TV. 我停止看电视。

2.I stopped to watch TV.我停下来去看电视。

试题:改错

The teacher told the students to stop to write and listening to him.

解析 老师叫学生停止写而听他讲话,并不是停下来去写,所以应把to write改为writing.

3)另:bus stop公共汽车站

come to a stop停止

eg.The bus came to a stop汽车停下来了。

(5)tear down拆毁,拆除

eg.The workers are tearing down these old building.工人们正在拆除这些旧的建筑物。

1)tear还有“撕,扯”的意思。

eg.The cloth tears easily.这块布料容易扯破。

2)tear sth. open或be torn open是指“撕开”。

3)tear也作名词用,(常用复数)泪珠,眼泪。

eg.The memory of her dead mother brought tears to her eyes.她一想起死去的母亲就会落泪。

4)构成短语:in tears哭泣,流泪;

burst into tears突然大哭起来;

tears of joy喜悦的眼泪。

(6)end in以为结果

eg. 1.The plan ended in failure .这个计划以失败告终。

2.He ended his days in peace.他在平静中度过了晚年。

1)by the end of到末为止,常跟完成时态。

eg.By the end of last month,we had learned 5000 new words.到上个月末。我们学了五千新单词。

2)at the end of在结束时;在尽头。

eg.

1.We will have a test at the end of this month.在这个月末,我们将进行一次测试。2.There is a book store at the end of the street.在街的尽头有一家书店。

3)in the end最终,终于,表示经过一番周折后,某事才发生。

eg.He worked hard ,in the end he succeeded.他努力学习,最后他成功了。

试题:填空

1._______this term, I will have learned five English songs.

2._______I found my lost book.

3._______this year, I will go abroad.

4.________the road, you will see a small house.

答案 1.by the end of 2.in the end 3.at the end of 4.at the end of

(7)work

1)work在本单元句子the experiment would not work及work with animals中,是指起作用,(使)奏效。

Eg.

1.The lift is not working.电梯坏了。

2.The smoke is working.烟在起作用。

2)work out算出,制订出out of work失业

(8)go against反对,不利于

eg.But if you go against nature and do things at the wrong time of year ,you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good .但是,如果你违反自然(规律), 一年中务农时间不合适,那么你干的活就比较多,而收成也不会好。

1)go作不及物动词时,常用进和时态表示将要发生的动作。

eg.He is going to Wuhan tomorrow。他明天要去武汉。

类似用法的动词还有come,leave,start,return,begin等。

2)go也作不及物动词,后接形容词作表语。这类形容词或表颜色或含贬义。

eg.

1.He went red with anger.他气得脸都红了。

2.The food went bad.食物变坏了。

3)“go+现在分词”不可表示从事某种职业。如:go farming(务农);go teaching(执教);go on doing sth.继续做某事:go on to do sth.继续做另一件事。

试题:

1.He ____to Beijing next week.

A.went B.go C.has gone D.is going

2.After dark,we_______the work by the lights of our tractors.

A.goes on doing B.went on to do

C.went on doing D.go on to do

3.After finishing writing a letter.I_______my homework.

A.went on doing

B.went to do

C.go on doing

D.go on to do

答案 1.D 2.D 3.B

同义词辨析

1.much too, too much

两个词都有“太”的意思,much too后接形容词或副词。

eg.It is much too expensive.那太贵了。

1)too much后接不可数名词,也可独立使用,充当名词词组或副词词组修饰动词。

eg.

1.There is too much dust in the room.房间里灰尘太多了。

2.I have given you too much.我给你的太多了。

3.You talk too much.你说的太多了。

2)词组be too much for非能力所及,对太难了

eg.I couldn’t finish that book, it was too much for me.我无法读完那本书,它对我来说是太难了。

试题:用too much, much too填空。

1.The trip to London is_____for him.

2.I have ______work to do.

3.I’m______tired.

4.You have written________.

答案 1.too much 2.too much 3.much too 4.too much

2.a number of ,the number of

a number of许多,修饰可数名词。作主语时,谓语动词用复数,还可以说a large number of,a small number of;而the number of是表示“的数量”;作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

试比较:

1.A number of students are fond of sports.

许多学生都爱好运动。

2.The number of books in our school library is very large.

我们学校图书馆的图书藏书数量很大。

3.work, job, labor, task

job和work可经通用。

eg. Her job(work)is as a nurse.

她工作是护士。

job可数,如a job, jobs; work不可数。labor一般指体力劳动;work泛指体力或脑力劳动。

eg.The peasants were laboring in the fields.

农民们在地里干活。

此处labor可和work互换。Task多指困难的或令人疲倦的工作。

eg.In spite of difficulties, we must finish the task.

尽管有很多困难,但我们必须完成工作。

4. in , after 和within

(1)in 和after两者都可以表示“在┅时间之后”,都可以与终止性动词连用。但after一般指以过去为起点,过去一段时间以后,常用于过去时;in常指以现在为起点,将来一段时间以后,所以常用于一般将来时。如:

Let’s hurry ! The train will leave in five minutes .快点!火车五分钟后就要开了。

He had a walk after supper . 晚饭后,他出去散步了。

(2)与某一具体时间点连用时,不管是什么时态,只能用after 。如:

They will begin to work after 8 o’clock .八点以后,他们开始工作。

(3)within后接表示时间的名词,表示在这一时间范围之内,有“不到”,“不超过”的含意,一般可以与in互换。常用在一般将来时,一般现在时和一般过去时中。如:

He finished drawing the horse within / in 5 minutes .他五分钟之内就画完了一匹马。

5.a great deal of , a good / great many , a lot of 和plenty of

(1)a great deal of 后面只限不可数名词。如:

There is a great deal of water in the lake .湖里有很多水。

(2)a good / great many 只修饰可数名词复数。如:

I have a good many things to do today . 我今天有很多事情要做。

(3)a lot of = lots of 一般用于肯定句(否定句或疑问句一般用many 或much)。后跟可数名词复数或不可数名词。如:

A lot of students went swimming yesterday . 昨天很多学生去游泳。

A lot of work is to be done this week.本周有很多事情要做。

(4)plenty of 可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。如:

There are plenty of eggs in the fridge .冰箱里有很多鸡蛋。

We have plenty of rain this year .今年我们这里雨量充足。

6. a little / a few 和little / few

(1)a little /little (形容词)用在不可数名词之前, a few / few (形容词)用在复数名词之前。如:

a little salt / little salt 一点盐/没有多少盐

a few people / few people 有几个人/没有几个人

这四种形式也都能用做代词,或单独使用或与of 连用:

-Sugar ? 要糖吗?

-A little , please . 请给一点儿。

Only a few of these are any good . 这其中只有几个用得着。

(2)a little , a few (形容词和代词)

a little 指少量或者说话人认为少的量;a few 指小数目或者说话人认为小的数目。把only放在a little /a few 之前,是为了强调说话人认为数量的确很小。但是把quite放在a few 之前就大大增大了这个数量。如:

Only a few of our customers have accounts .我们的顾客中只有少数人是记帐的。

I have quite a few books on art . 我有不少关于艺术的书。

(3)little 和few (形容词和代词)

little 和few 意为很少或没有,具有否定意义。如:

There was little time for consultation .几乎没有时间商量。

Little is known about the side – effects of this drug .这种药物有什么副作用,现在还不大清楚。

Few towns have such splendid trees .有这么好看的树木的城市不多。

7.such as , for example

(1)such as 一般用来列举同类人或物中的几个例子,插在被列举的例子和前面的名词之间,as后没有逗号。在使用such as 时应注意后面列举事物的数量不能等于前面所提事物的总和,若相等时用namely 或that is. 如:He has been to many countries ,such as America, Japan and German他去过很多国家,比如美国,日本和德国。

He can speak three foreign languages, namely Chinese, English and French.他能说三门外语,即汉语,英语和法语。

(2)for example 一般只举同类人或物中的一个为例,作插入语,可置于名首,名中或名未。

如:Many great people, for example, Lincoln and Edison, have risen from poverty.许多伟人

贫苦中崛起,如林肯和爱迪生。

重点难点解析

1.so+连系动词(助动词或情态致词)+主语

这一名型是主动谓倒装结构,表示前句所述肯定情况也适用于另一主语。其中so作“也这样;也如此“解。但so后的连系动词,助动词或情态动词须同前一句的谓语动词保持一致。

--I have seen the film .我看过这个电影。

--so have I ,我也看过.

Louise can swim .so can my wife.路易丝会游泳,她也会游泳.

I enjoyed the book and so did my wife .我喜欢这本书,我的妻子也喜欢。

注:由If引导的假设状语从句表示一般将来时时,应该用一般现在时代替。

If you go to the cinema tonight, so shall I .假如今晚你去你去看电影的话,我也去.所以该从句中用go,而不是用will go ,但主句却要用一般将来时,不能仍用一般现在时代替,因比后面so 引导的主句要用助动词shall 或will。

2.so+主语+连系动语(助动语或情态动词)

此句型的主语与前一句的主语相同,因而主谓不倒装。这种句型表示说话者对前句所提到的情况或事实表示赞同,其中so作“不错;确实如此”解。

--It was cold yesterday .昨天天气很冷。“。

--So it was .不错,是很冷。

--So he does.确实如此。

3.So it is (was)with +另一主语

此句型表示这一主语的情况也如此,主要用法是:

(1)替代“So + 连系动词(助动词或情态动词)+ 另一主语”。

He is a farmer , So it is with his brother . (=So is his brother )他是农民,他兄弟也是农民。

(2)替代“Neither / Nor +连系动词(助动词或情态动词)+另一主语”。

She didn’t come . So it was with her sister . (=Neither / Nor did her sister )她没有来,她妹妹也没有来。

(3)当前面的句子中主语支配两个或更多的不同种类的谓语动词时,只能用此句型。

John’s father is a model worker and has done a lot of good all his life . So it is with Bob’s .

约翰的父亲是一位模范工作者,他一生做了很多好事,鲍勃的父亲也是如此。

(4)当前面的句子有两个谓语动词,分别为肯定形式和否定形式,有so 或neither (nor) 均无法解决时,只能用此句型。

Bill likes singing , but doesn’t like dancing . So it is with Carl .比尔喜欢唱歌而不喜欢跳舞,卡尔也一样。

(5)当前面的句子是并列句时,也只能用此句型。

Wei Fang is a Chinese girl , and China is her homeland . So it is with Zhou Lan .魏芳是个中国姑娘,中国是她的祖国,周兰也是如此。

4.主语 + 表示看法、意见等动词 + so

在此句型中,so是用来替代一个宾主从句的分句的替代词,表示说话者赞同上文所说的情况或事实。表示看法、意见等动词主要有:think , believe , expect , suppose , imagine , guess , say , hope , fear , be afraid 等。

--Peter is an honest man . 彼得是个老实的人。

--I think so .( = I think that Peter is an honest man . )我想是吧。

--Will you be able to help us ?你能帮助我们吗?

--I hope so . ( = I hope that I will be able to help you . ) 我希望我能。

--Have they put off the match ?他们已推迟了比赛吗?

--I’m afraid so . ( = I’m afraid that they have put off the match . ) 恐怕是这样。

注:think so , believe so , expect so 等变为否定形式有两种方法:

(1)可以用动词的否定结构。

(2)也可用 not 代替so 。但be afraid so , fear so , hope so 等变为否定形式只能用not 代替so ,即只可用上述第二种方法。

--Do you believe that she will come tomorrow ? 你相信明天她会来吗?

--I don’t believe so . ( = I believe not . ) 我相信还会。

--Has Anne got into university ? 安妮考进大学了吗?

--I’m afraid not . ( 不可说:“I’m not afraid so . ) 恐怕没有。

5、主语+ do + so

在此句型中,so 和动词do连用,可用来替代上文出现过的动宾或动状结构,以避免重复。

--Have you handed in your composition ? 你的作文交了没有?

--I did so yesterday . ( did so = handed in my composition ) (动宾结构) 我昨天交了。

Jack can jump over the fence . I’m not sure whether David can do so . (do so = jump over the fence ) (动态结构) 杰克能跳过这个栅栏。大卫能不能,我没有把握。

口语交际

1、--Why didn’t you call me last night ? 你昨天晚上为什么没给我打电话?

--Because I went out .因为我出去了。

2、--Tell me why you didn’t come yesterday . 告诉我你昨天为何没来?

  --Because I was ill .因为我生病了。

3、--As she is ill , we shall have to put off our trip to Shanghai . 由于她生病了,我们将不得不推迟我们的上海之行。

  --What a pity !真遗憾!

4、--He was late as a result of / because of the heavy rain . 由于大雨他来迟了。

  --So was I .我也是。

5、--Do you know the reason why she didn’t accept the present ? 你知道她为何没收下这份礼物吗?

  --It’s because she didn’t like it . 因为她不喜欢。

6、--What caused the fire ? 是什么导致了火灾?

--A cigarette end .一个香烟头。

7、--Do you know the cause of the disease ? 你知道这种疾病的原因吗?

--I think smoking is one of the causes . 我想吸烟是其中的一种。

8、--Because of his illness , he was to stay in bed all day . 因为生病,他只好整天躺在床上。

--We’d better go and see him sometime this week . 我们最好本周某个时间去看看他。

9、--I don’t have the tape . 我没有这盘磁带。

--Is that why you’d like to make a copy of it ? 这就是你想复制一盘的原因吗?

10、--Everybody likes him as he’s kind and honest . 人人都喜欢他,因为他善良而又诚实。

--That’s right . 对。

11、--It’s raining hard outside . 外面正下着大雨。

--So we’ll go there another day . 因此我们改天再去那儿。

12、--I didn’t hear the telephone . 我没听见电话响。

--You must have been asleep . 你一定是睡着了。

13、--What made her so happy ? 什么事使她这么高兴?

--Passing the examination . 考试通过了。

14、--If you go on like this , you will fail . 如果你继续这样的话,你会失败的。

--Thank you for your warning .谢谢你的提醒。

15、--Do you know why he got up so early ? 你知道他起这么早的原因吗?

--I don’t know . 我不知道。