背景知识
What should you consider in finding jobs
What should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others. These may show strength that you can use in your work. A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career. A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work. So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school. On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a generally satisfactory standard. Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value. A knowledge of history is not required for most jobs, but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details. This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs.
Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work. You may be good at metal work or cookery and look for a job where you can improve these skills.
If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in summer, think what you gained from it．If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers. You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example. Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in apart –time job.
Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself. You may be all thumbs (笨手笨脚) when you handle tools; perhaps you are a poor speller or cannot add up a column of figures. It is better to face any weaknesses they do not exist. Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background. You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work.
Word study:
1．in touch with 保持联系,了解
keep in track/touch/contact with
lose touch with
make contact with …
contact sb.
One of the students gets in touch with a careers-adviser.（取得联系）
He keeps in touch with me by writing now and then. （保持联系）
They have remained/kept/stayed/been in touch with each other for 20 years.（保持联系）
The net brings us into touch with the things which are happening in the other parts of the world. （使我们与…联系）
He lost touch with his family during the war. （失去联系）
I have been out of touch with my former teacher for 20 years. （失去联系）
2．adore vt. 崇拜,崇敬,敬重,热爱;喜欢（不用进行式）
adore + n / doing sth. adore sb for sth
adoration n.
adoring adj.
adorable adj.
① 很明显她喜欢看电影。
It’s obvious that she adores the cinema/ going to the cinema.
② 他向崇拜他的人群挥手致意。
He waved to the adoring crowds.他向崇拜他的人群挥手。
The little girl was adorable. 小女孩十分可爱。
People adore him for his noble character.人们崇拜他高尚的品格。
3．vacant adj.
①（座位，旅馆房间，房屋等）空着的，未被占用的
他旁边的位子没人坐。
The seat next to him was vacant.
②（职位）空缺的
那职位最终空缺时，他们把它给了Tina.
When the post finally became vacant, they offered it to Tina.
③（目光，表情等）无神的，茫然的,空虚的；茫然若失的
a vacant mind茫然的心情
a vacant expression on his face脸上表情发呆
The mad man gave a vacant laugh. 那个疯子傻笑着。
4．pitch n. 球场 They crowded into the pitch at the beginning of the game.
v. 投掷 Pitch a stone into the river.
5．assess vt.
assessment n. 评价，评定
assessor n. 估价员，顾问
① 判断，评价（价值，能力等）
他太懒了， 无法评价他的能力。
He is so lazy that it is hard to assess his ability.
② 评估（财产，收入等），核定（税金，罚金， 数额等）与at 连用
我的收入被评定为两万美元。
My income was assessed at 20000 dollars.
你估计她获胜的可能性有多大？
What’s your assessment of her chances of winning?
易混词：access n. 通道，门路；接近…的权力/机会
have access to 有……的机会
6．occupation n. 职业
occupy vt. 占…
occupy oneself in doing sth忙于
be occupied with sth忙于
填词: Please put down your name, address, and occupation.
Two strangers occupied the house while he was on holiday.
The child occupied himself in playing computer games.
I have to occupy myself with lots of housework.
7．instant adj./n.
instantly adv./ conj.
instant coffee速溶咖啡; instant noodles 方便面
The new book is an instant success.
I feel instant relief after the treatment.
I shall be back in an instant.
I recognized him instantly.
I recognized him instantly I saw him.
8．significant adj.
significantly adv.
significance n.
a significant speech 意味深长的讲话
I don’t find it significant to change his way of study
What’s the significance of his remarks?
9．nevertheless adv. /conj. 尽管如此，然而，不过(however, though)
① 我考试不及格是意料中的事,不过仍然让人很不痛快。
My failure in the exam was not unexpected, nevertheless, it was still disappointing.
② 她很疲惫但仍然继续工作。
She was so tired. She went on working, nevertheless.
③ 他很笨但我却很喜欢他。 He's stupid, but I like him nevertheless.
10．up to date 直到最近的，时新的，现代的
to date 到此为止
out of date 废弃的，过时的
① All of new words become out of date very quickly.
② The exhibition contains some of his best work to date.
③ We want our methods to be up to date .
I like wearing up-to-date clothes.
I keep up to date with the news by listening to radio. 我通过听收音机了解最新消息。11。qualification 资格，条件（多复数）
I thought you had quite a few qualifications.
He has no qualifications to be a doctor.
= He is not qualified to be a doctor.
限制,保留条件
I can say, without any qualification, that he is an excellent worker.
12．modest 谦虚
That hero was very modest about his deeds.
Considering how he won the award, he should be modest about it.
谨慎的
Young girls must be modest in speech, dress and behavior.
适度的,不过分的
My needs are quite modest.
Please accept this modest gift.
13．paperwork 文书工作
paper boy报童 ; paper cut 剪纸 ;
paper knife 裁纸刀 ;paper tiger 纸老虎 ;
toilet paper 卫生纸 ; waste paper 废纸 ;
paper currency 纸币 ; paper mill 造纸厂 ; wallpaper 墙纸 ;
14．punctual adj. 准时的，守时的
punctually adv.
If you are punctual you are not late.
He was always punctual for appointments.
She’s never punctual in answering letters; she is always late.
Smith arrived punctually at four o’clock.
15．draft n. 草稿,草图(多作可数,在in后作不可数)
He had painfully written out a first draft.
a draft for a speech; a draft for a machine
汇票,支票(多作可数,在by后作不可数)
He sent a draft for $1000 to his son in London.
get a draft cashed
to get money from Paris to Rome by draft.
（in cash by cheque）
v. 起草，草拟
Can you draft out a plan for us?你能为我们草拟一个计划吗？
Reading
Pre-reading:
1. Look at the title of the reading passage. What can you guess about the content of the passage from the line? Why is the title a question?
2. Read the introduction, the first sentence of each paragraph and the conclusion.
Q1. What is this passage mainly about?
Q2. Does the writer think it is easy or difficult to have a successful career in football?
Skimming:
Choose the best heading for each paragraph in the text
Paras 1-3 The success of David Beckham in the football career.
Para 4 The difference between football and other careers.
Para 5 The special qualities required by footballers.
Paras 6-7 The programs set up for young footballers in both China and the UK.
Para 8 Football dreams don’t often come true like David.
True or False:
1. It was in 1992 that David’s career took off.
2. Employers need to advertise for football players in the newspapers or on the Internet when they have a vacant job.
3. Every footballer needs to have good team spirit,a strong character, mental strength and a positive attitude.
4. The players under sixteen have to take part in club training sessions all days long.
5. Youth trainees in UK football club usually have high salary.
6. When the trainees are offered a contract with a club, their life as a professional footballer begins.
7. Many of the players can only play as amateur footballers in their spare time. (TFTFFTF)
Careful reading
Comprehension of Reading
1. Which of the following is true?
A. Little David disliked football because he was crazy.
B. David Beckham is famous as a front-field player.
C. David became known when he was in middle school.
D. David always wears the red No. 7 shirt.
2. You are very fond of football or basket-ball. Can you become a star in the future according to the text?
A. Certainly not B. Yes C. No D. Not sure.
3. How does a club find a talented player?
A. By advertisement B. By watching matches
C. From another club D. From middle school
4. What does the passage mainly tell us?
A. We must have some particular qualities when we are young.
B. We should be trained from childhood if we want to succeed.
C. We should have a suitable attitude to our career or amateur choice.
D. Born talent leads to success. (DDBC)
Answer the following questions
1. What did David want to do when he was a schoolboy?
He dreamed of being a professional football player. He wanted to wear the red shirt and score goals in the famous Old Trafford Stadium in front of thousands of cheering fans.
2. When did David’s success start?
His success started almost immediately when he was part of Manchester United’s youth team which won the FA Youth Cup in 1992 and he was chosen to play for the Red Devils’ senior team for the first time.
3. In which order did the following things happen to David Beckham?
a. He was invited to join Manchester United as a trainee.
b. He was chosen to play for the Red Devils’ senior team.
c. He has become England’s most famous mid-field player and world superstar.
d. He attended training sessions with a London club.
e. He and his players won the FA Youth Cup in 1992.
Key: d-a-e-b-c
4. What are the differences between football and other careers?
Employers don’t advertise that they have a vacant job in the newspapers or on the internet.
There are no application forms or interviews.
Employers find players with the right abilities and offer them employment with the clubs.
5. What are the special qualities required by footballers?
Talent
Have excellent ball control and understand how to use the space on the pitch.
Have good team spirit, a strong character, mental strength and a positive attitude.
Main idea
The text tells us the story of David Beckham and what is needed for a football career, from which the writer shows that it is difficult to become a successful footballer.
Discussion:
Does the writer think that football is a good career choice? Find evidence in the text to support your answer.
Evidence in the text:
Trainee footballers: It is not an easy life. There is a lot of competition for places on the team, the salary is low and the job includes cleaning the changing rooms, toilets and senior colleagues’ boots. (Para6)
Despite talent, only a few players are good enough to become professional: Professional footballers have to be very, very good, and to play for a leading club they must be outstanding. Only a few trainees are good enough to go on to the next stage.
(Para5and 7)
Even once professional, only a very few players are truly successful: Perhaps, like Becks, one or two become great stars. However, football is a fiercely competitive occupation and many players are not successful. They have to leave the profession to find other careers. (Para7)
A career in football is a dream that few people can achieve. Most are not successful and fail: David’s story has a happy ending, but most children with the same wish will never have the opportunity to wear their favourite team’s shirt. Many of them will only play as an amateur footballer in their spare time. Unfortunately football dreams don’t often come true. (Para8)
Analysis of some difficult sentences:
1. Every time he plays football he is watched by thousands of adoring Becks fans all over the world.
2. Professional footballers have to be very, very good, and [to play for a leading club ] they must be outstanding.
3. Top players must have excellent ball control and understand how to use the space on the pitch, but it is not just what they do with their feet that counts.
4. Many countries have set up programmes to encourage and develop young footballers, and this is where the clubs go to assess athletes and find stars of the future.
5. China has special football schools (where children acquire ball skills as well as a formal education.)
6. From this point on the success of their career and how much they earn depends on their performances and how many matches their team wins.
Language points for Reading
1. take off 起飞； 脱下，摘下，迅速流行，换下，终止，取消； 休假，休息，剪掉，切除（人体）；模仿
The plane took off an hour late. 飞机起飞晚了一小时。
Her singing career took off after her TV appearance. 她在电视上亮相后歌唱事业迅速起飞。
I’ve decided to take a few days off next week. 我已经决定下周休息几天。
The show was taken off because of poor audience figures. 该剧因不卖座而停演了。
2. accomplish 完成，达到，实现
accomplish, finish, complete 区别
1） accomplish经常接task, aim, journey, voyage 等名词。 如：
The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks. 探险队在五周内完成了航程。
The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished. 计划的第一部分已顺利完成。
2) complete比accomplish具体， 可接简化组，工程，书籍等名词。 指“按预期目的把未完成的工作经进一步的努力使之完成”， 主要涵义是“补足缺少的部分”。 如：
The building will be completed by the end of this month. 这座楼将于本月底完成。
3) finish 在许多情况下可与complete 换用， 但不及complete 正式。 常含有“认真仔细地完成工作的最后阶段的精工修饰，使之完美”的意思。 如
I have to finish writing the book by this weekend. 我得在本周末写完这本书。
3. dream of becoming a leading scientist.
She dreamt a terrible dream.
He dreamed that he saw his dead father.
We never dreamed him to be a cheat.
4. count vi. 有价值；重要；有用
Every second counts. 每一秒钟都很重要。
v.数, 计算, 数；算; 认为；视为；看作
be counted as 被认为
I count him among my closest friends. 我把他看作我最好的朋友。
For tax purposes that the money counts/ is counted as income. 那笔钱算做收入，需要纳税。
to count from 1 to 100 从1数到100
count these apples. 清点一下这些苹果。
count it an honor (to do sth.) （把做某事）引以为荣
5. from this point on 从那时起 on one point 曾经，一度
I think I even told you that at one point. 我认为我曾经告诉过你那件事。
At one point she was aware of two nurses speaking about an outing they were planning with their boyfriends. 她一度听见两个护士谈起她们计划与男朋友一起出去。
At one point he turned his head, listening for Emily. 一度，他转过头，听Emily的声音。
point n. 时刻，关头，瞬间，阶段
The climber was at / on the point of death when they found him. 当他们发现那个登山者的时候，他已奄奄一息。
We were on the point of giving up.我们当时几乎要放弃了。
At this point I don’t care what you decide to do. 在这个时候，我不在意你怎么做了。
n. 论点，观点 （point of view ）地方，标点，尖，
She made several interesting points in the article. 她在文章中提出了几个有趣的观点。
I take your point 我赞同你的看法。
重点，要点 （brief and to the point ）
The point is you shouldn’t have to wait so long to see a doctor. 关键是看病不该等那么长时间。
I wish he would get to the point. 我但愿他快点说正题。
目的
What’s the point of all this violence? 这些暴行的意图何在？
There’s no point in getting angry. 发火是没有用的。
具体细节（或事实）
Here are the main points of the news. 以下是新闻摘要。
Can you explain that point again? 你能在解释一下那一点吗？
vi. point at/to, point out, It is pointed out that…..
6. send的用法：
1) send sb. sth.= send sth. to sb.把某物送给或寄给某人，可以主语派人送，也可以亲自送
Did they send any message by you? 他们托你给我捎了什么信儿了吗？
Can you send me the bill before the end of the month? 你能在月底以前把帐单给我送来吗
2) send for sb./ sth. 派人去叫某人 派人去拿某物
Now please send for a taxi. 现在请派人叫出租车来。
Please keep these things until I send for them. 请替我保管这些东西，等我派人来取。
3) send sb./ sth. to运输某人/某物去（某处），派某人去某地
They send their product to Beijing for sale. 他们把产品运往北京销售。
We will send him to America for further study. 我们要送他去美国深造。
4) send sb. to do 派某人去做（某事）
We’ll send someone to fetch it. 我们将派人去取。
They will send him to work in the countryside. 他们将派他去农村工作。
5) send sb. doing 使某人迅速做某事(cause sb. to do)
Mind how you go---- you nearly sent me flying. 小心点，你差点把我撞倒。
They killed 38 enemies and sent the rest fleeing. 他们打死38个敌人，其余的都逃窜了
send off 寄出；发出；派遣；解雇；给……送行
You fill in both parts of the form, then send it off. 你把表格的两部分都填好,然后寄出。
send 有关的常见词组：
send away 发送掉；解雇 send back 退还，送还
send for 派人去请；召唤 send forth发出；放出（光、热等）
send in (向上级)提出,交上去,寄出(投稿) send out 发送出，派遣；放出，散发出
send down 使下降 send up 使上涨/升, 发射,发出
send word (请人)带口信 send to bed/sleep 打发某人去睡/使人入睡
send sb doing sth使某人迅速干某事 send sb mad=drive sb mad使人发疯
☆. assist (sb) in/with sth. (P141)
assist sb in doing sth.
The deputy principal assists with many of the duties of the principals.
You will be required to assist Mrs Smith in preparing a report.
Integrating skills
1. include 包含，包括
Does the price include lunch? 价钱里包括午饭吗？
A visit to the Great Wall is included in the tour. 这次旅游包括去长城。
在作状语时用 including sb/sth; 或sb/sth included
The price is 50 dollars, including postage.包括邮资价格是50美圆
We all laughed, the teacher included.我们都笑了，老师也笑了。
include表示包括可以分开的一个或几个组成部分，而contain表示含有,内含；也有容纳, 装有的意思.
Whiskey contains a large percentage of alcohol. 威士忌含酒精度很高.
Sea water contains salt. 海水中含有盐分.
This box contains soap. 这个盒子装有肥皂.
2. appealing 有吸引力的，有感染力的，令人感兴趣的
Spending the holidays in Britain wasn’t a prospect that I found particularly appealing.
在英国度假对我并不具有吸引力。
‘ Would you really help?’ he said with an appealing look. 你真的愿意帮忙吗？他满脸恳求地说。
appealingly adv.
The dog looked up at her appealingly. 狗可怜巴巴地望着他。
appeal n. 上诉，申诉，感染力，吸引力， 呼吁
an appeal against the 3-match ban 不服禁赛3场令的申诉。
The Beatles have never really lost their appeal. 披头士的感染力经久不衰。
a look of silent appeal默默恳求的目光
appeal (to) v. 上诉，申诉； 有吸引力， 引起兴趣；呼吁，
The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups. 设计要雅俗共赏，老幼皆宜。
Organizers appealed to the crowd not to panic.组织者呼吁人群不要惊慌。
3. hold back
1.踌躇不前,犹豫不定
John held back from social activity because he felt embarrassed with people.
2.抑制,控制
She was only held back from telling him her real opinion by her fear of him.
The dam held back the flooding river.
3.隐瞒,不公布
We were sure he was holding something back from us.
Do not hold back the truth. Let it out.
hold on
1.(电话)别挂断
Wait. Hold on a minute.
2.坚持下去
Hold on until I fetch help.
I made my choice and I will hold on to the end.
hold on to 抓住不放,抓牢
Hold on to my hand tightly while we cross this street.
hold out
1.坚持抵抗,顶住压力
You must hold out! You must bear this!
2.维持,够用,继续运转
The water won’t hold out much longer.
I think the car will hold out till we reach London
3.伸出, 拿出, 提出
The doctor didn’t hold out much hope of the patient’s recovery.
hold … back from sb 向…保密, 瞒住
Phrases and expressions:
1. get in touch with与某人取得联系 2. football crazy足球狂
3. dream of being a professional player梦想当一个职业球员
4. score goals进球得分 5. attend training sessions上培训班
6. take off 起飞 7. an extraordinary career不同寻常的事业
8. a mid-field player中场球员 9. accomplish one’s aim达到目标
10. thousands of adoring Becks fans数千个崇拜贝克的球迷
11. achieve one’s ambition实现雄心壮志 12. an application form申请表
13. a positive attitude积极的态度 14. (receive) a formal education（受到）正规教育
15. pitch maintenance球场维护 16. office management办公室管理
17. have a happy ending有一个快乐的结局 18. (dreams) come true（梦想）成真
19. from this point on从此以后 20. a fiercely competitive occupation竞争激烈的行业
21. nevertheless 然而，可是 22. up to date时新的，现代的
23. take (the) responsibility for sth/ of doing sth负起做某事的责任
24. make a good impression形成好的印象 25. create a positive effect产生积极的效果
26. hold back 隐瞒，畏缩不前 27. appealing information吸引人的信息
常见职业名称英文说法
accountant会计 actor演员 actress女演员 announcer广播员 architect建筑师
associate professor副教授 artist艺术家 astronaut宇航员 attendant服务员
auto mechanic汽车技工 auditor审计员 baker烘培师 bell boy 门童
baseball player棒球选手 bellhop旅馆行李员 binman清洁工 blacksmith铁匠
broker (agent)经纪人 boxer拳击手 butcher屠夫 buyer采购商
carpenter木匠 cartoonist漫画家 cashier出纳员 chemist化学师 clerk店员
clown小丑 cobbler制（补）鞋匠 dentist牙科医生 designer设计师 dustman清洁工
computer programmer程序员 desk clerk(receptionist) 接待员 electrician电工
construction worker建筑工人 door-to-door salesman推销员 fisherman渔夫
fashion designer时装设计师 fireman(firefighter)消防员 florist花商
gas station attendant加油工 flyer(pilot)飞行员 gardener花匠（园丁）
geologist地质学家 guard警卫 guide导游 hairdresser理发师 housekeeper管家
housewife家庭主妇 interpreter口译员 janitor清洁工 journalist记者 judge法官
lawyer律师 life guard救生员 magician魔术师 masseur男按摩师 masseuse 女按摩师
mathematician数学家 mechanic机械师 miner矿工 model模特儿
monk和尚 movie director导演 movie star影星 musician音乐家 nun尼姑
nurse护士 office clerk职员 office staff上班族 operator接线员 personnel职员
pharmacist药剂师 photographer摄影师 planner计划员 postal clerk邮政人员
priest牧师 real estate agent房地产经纪人 repairman修理工人 seamstress女裁缝
secretary秘书 statistician统计员 surveyor测量技师 tailor裁缝师
technician技术人员 traffic warden交通管理员 TV producer电视制作人
vet/veterinarian兽医 welder焊接工
完成句子（根据汉语提示补全句子，每空一词）
1．预料今天晚些时候会宣布一项通告。
They are expected to make an announcement later on today.
2．我正设法与哥哥取得联系，他移居澳大利亚了，那时我们就失去了联系。
I’m trying to get in touch with my brother; he emigrated to Australia, and I lost touch with him.
3．她拒绝了我们立即离开电影院的建议。
She refused our proposal that we leave the cinema right away
4．我一眼就认出了他。
I recognized her instantly I saw her.
5．他们也加入我们一起唱起了这首歌。
They all joined us in singing the song.
6．有一份广告工作提供给我做。
I have been offered a job in advertising.
7．过去给我们供货的那家公司已经停业了。
The firm that offered goods to us has gone out of business.
8．我要到伦敦去，妹妹也要去。
I’m going to London and my sister’s coming as well.
9．我们终于使他们相信我们是清白的。
We finally convinced them of our innocence.
10．我要是你就不会卷入到它们的问题中去！
If I were you, I wouldn’t be involved in their problems.
独立主格结构:
独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。
二、独立主格结构的形式
独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。
1）名词／代词＋形容词
I heard that she got injured in the accident, my heart full of worry．我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。
He stood silent in the moon-light, his door open．月光下，门开着，他默默地站立在那。
2）名词／代词＋现在分词
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk．雨停了，他出去散步。
3）名词／代词＋过去分词
More time given, we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
The boy stood there, his right hand raised．那个男生站在那里，右手高举。
4）名词／代词（主格）＋不定式
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month这是前两卷,第三卷将于下月问世。
The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend's．两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。
5）名词／代词十介词短语
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand．那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
注意：这里gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand，但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。
6）名词／代词十副词
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away．由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。
Lunch over, he left the house．But he was thinking．午饭结束，他离开屋。但他还在考虑。
7）名词／代词＋名词
He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon．他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
8）with复合结构
它的构成是：“with ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾补由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。
Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour．福尔摩斯和沃森坐着，让灯亮了半个小时。（介词短语）
He used to sleep with the door open．他过去常开着门睡觉。（形容词）
With a boy leading the way, they started towards the village．由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。（现在分词）
With the work done, he went home．工作做完后，他回了家。（过去分词）
With you to help us, we will finish the task in time．由你来帮助，我们将会及时完成任务。（不定式）
Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on at night．夜里，香港万盏灯火，分外美丽。（副词）
从以上例句可以看出：在with复合结构中，宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态时，用现在分词；当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态时，用过去分词；当这种主谓关系表示将来意义时，用不定式；当这种主谓关系表示伴随意义时，用现在分词或副词。
三、独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
1）表示时间 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea．她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2）表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed．若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3）表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk．没有出租车，我们只好步行。
4）表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all．几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
四、形式选择中应该注意的问题
1）现在分词还是过去分词？
在独立主格结构中，主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时，用现在分词。如：Winter coming ，it gets colder and colder．一句中，“春天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系，用现在分词；主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，用过去分词。如：More money given，we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained．一句中，“money”和“give”是动宾关系（被动关系），用过去分词。
在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词
完成时态表示。如：The snow having stopped，she went out to sweep the snow in the yard．
现在分词与过去分词的性质完全不同，但在独立结构中，有时却有共同之处：现在分词的被动式有时可以简化为过去分词。例如：
As her skirt was caught on a nail, she could not move．
→Her skirt being caught on a nail, she could not move．
→Her skirt caught on a nail, she could not move．
fter his work had been finished, he went home．
→His work having been finished, he went home．
→His work finished, he went home．
2）分词结构还是独立结构？
上面的例子告诉我们，独立结构常常可以看作是由主从复合句中的从句变来的。但是，如果从句和主句的主语相同，则不可改为独立结构。例如：
Since he was very tired with his walk，he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles．
不可改为：
He being very tired with his walk，he．．．
但可改为：Being very tired with his walk ，he．．．
比较：判断动名词复合结构的方式
主语位置上，或动词、介词后的"名词代词 + 非谓语动词"，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是"名词 + 定语。请看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping. (B)
A. left B. being left C. leaving D. be left
The road __________ caused us to stop our work for half an hour. (D)
A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college. (C)
A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted