知识梳理
Ⅰ.网络构建
词汇 单词 sailor *benefit disadvantage *entertainment *medium relatively solid *available pure *dense relationship mass *volume float *absorb *release *stable *sensitive bottom freedom form prison revolution judge slavery runaway forbid soul march *junior separation race marriage *vote political demand achieve *arrest lawyer racial act *religion *chapter sort *viewpoint
词组 put...into prison join hands be active in march on set an example to from then on at first sight take advantage of *contribute to *be sensitive to
in common
语法 语法情态动词 被动语态
Ⅱ.重点精讲
●重点单词
1.demand
例句集锦
v.
（1）She demanded an immediate explanation.
她要求立即给予解释。
The policeman demanded his name and address.
警察询问了他的姓名和地址。
They demand too high a price of him.
他们向他要价太高。
（2）She demanded to see the manager.
她要求见经理。
I demand to know the truth.
我要求了解真情。
（3）The UN has demanded that all troops（should） be withdrawn.
联合国要求全面撤军。
She demanded that he（should） finish the work within an hour.
她要求他在一小时内完成工作。
（4）“Who the hell are you?” he demanded angrily.
“你到底是谁？”他怒气冲冲地问道。
“Give me the key,” she demanded.
“给我钥匙，”她要求道。
（5）This sport demands both speed and strength.
这种运动既需要速度又需要力量。
The work demands great attention.
这项工作需要精力高度集中。
n.
（1）The employers refused their demand for higher pay.
=The employers refused their demand that their pay（should） be raised.
雇主拒绝了他们加薪的要求。
（2）Demand for cotton is down.
棉花的需求下降了。
There is a great demand for coffee.=Coffee is in great demand.
咖啡的需求量很大。
There is an increasing demand for computer engineers.
市场对电脑工程师的需求不断增加。
My new job makes great demand on me（my time）.
我的新工作需要花去我很多时间。
用法归纳
*demand可用作动词和名词。主要有两个义项：强烈要求，诘问；需要，需求。
*用作动词时的主要搭配形式为:demand+名词；demand+动词不定式；demand+that从句。
特别提示
demand后that从句中的谓语动词形式为（should）+动词原形。
2.race
例句集锦
n.
（1）He came second in the 100-meter race.
他在百米赛跑中获得了第二名。
He won（lost） the race.
他赢（输）了赛跑。
（2）We are running a race with（against）time.
我们正在赶时间。
I must have a race for the train.
我必须赶火车。
The arms race between the countries badly affects people’s living standards.
各国间的军备竞赛严重影响了人们的生活水准。
（3）the human race人类
the black（white） race黑（白）种人
v.
（1）Let’s race.我们来赛跑吧。
They were racing along the course.
他们正在跑道上赛跑。
（2）The policeman raced after the thief.
警察猛追那个小偷。
He had to race to catch the train.
他不得不赶紧去搭火车。
（3）He raced his bicycle against a car.
他骑自行车和汽车比赛。
I’ll race you to the park.
我跟你赛跑到公园。
He raced the child to the hospital.
他把那个孩子急速送到医院。
用法归纳
* race可用作名词和动词（vi.& vt.）。主要义项有：赛跑，竞争，疾行，使……全速前进，种族，族类
3.form
例句集锦
v.
（1）A plan formed in his mind.
他头脑中形成了一个计划。
Ice forms at 0℃.冰在零度时形成。
Tears formed in her eyes.
她眼里开始充满泪水。
Flowers appeared,but fruits failed to form.
开花了，但未结果。
（2）They joined hands and formed a circle.
他们牵起手，组成一个圆圈。
You should form good habits.
你应养成好习惯。
It’s too early to form an opinion about the new policy.
要形成对于这项政策的意见还为时过早。
The soldiers were formed into a line.
士兵们站成一条线。
n.
（1）The disease can take several different forms.
这种病可有数种形式。
Music is not like most other art forms.
音乐不同于其他大多数艺术形式。
Help in the form of money will be very welcome.
非常欢迎捐款形式的帮助。
（2）to fill in a form（BrE）=to fill out a form（AmE）=to complete a form填表
（3）After six months’ training the whole team is in superb form.
经过六个月的集训，全队状态极佳。
I really need to get back in form.
我真需要恢复健康状态。
用法归纳
* form可用作动词（vi.& vt.）和名词。主要义项有：形成；使……形成,组成；形状,形态,形式；（健康）状态
特别提示
form作名词时，前面常用in构成词组。
4.judge
例句集锦
n.
（1）The judge sentenced him to three years in prison.
法官判他三年监禁。
（2）He was a judge at the beauty contest.
他是那次选美比赛的一名评审。
（3）She is no judge of art.
她没有艺术眼光。
v.
（1）As far as I can judge,all of them are to blame.
据我判断，他们都有责任。
Judging by her last letter,they are having a wonderful time.
从她的上一封信来看，他们过得好极了。
To judge from what he said,he was very disappointed.
听他的口气，他非常失望。
（2）Schools should not be judged only on exam results.
不能仅仅根据考试成绩来评判学校。
They judged it wise to say nothing.
他们认为还是一言不发为妙。
The tour was judged a great success.=The tour was judged to have been a great success.
那被认为是一次非常成功的出游。
I judged him to be about 50.
我估计他大约五十岁。
It’s difficult to judge how long the journey will take.
这次旅程需多长时间难以预料。
Don’t judge a book by its cover./Never judge by appearances.
不要以貌取人（物）。
She was asked to judge the writing competition.
她被邀请当写作竞赛的评委。
用法归纳
* judge 可用作名词和动词（vi.& vt.），主要义项有：法官，评委；判断，估计；评判，审判。
特别提示
Judging from（by）是常用结构，句法功能相当于according to。
●重点短语
1.at first sight
例句集锦
At first sight,it may look like a generous offer,but always read the small print.
乍看上去，那似乎是一个慷慨的奉送，但别忘了阅读用小号字体印刷的内容。
At first sight the problem seems easy.
乍看起来，这个问题似乎很容易。
They fell in love at first sight.
他们一见钟情。
相关归纳
（1）at（the）sight of 一看到……
At（the）sight of the teacher the boys ran away.
一看到老师,男孩子们便跑掉了。
The lady fainted at（the）sight of blood pouring from her wound.
一看到血从她的伤口涌出，那位女士便昏过去了。
（2）in sight在视野之内；out of sight在视野之外
The island is still in sight.
那个岛还看得见。
There was no one in sight.四处不见人。
The mother waved to her son till the bus was out of sight.
那位妈妈一直向她儿子挥手，直到看不到公共汽车为止。
Out of my sight!
给我滚得远远的！
Out of sight,out of mind.
离久情疏。
（3）catch（get,gain）sight of看到；lose sight of 看不到
I caught sight of him in the crowd.
我在人群中看到了他。
Their boat was much faster and we soon lost sight of them.
他们的船比我们的快，不久我们就看不到他们了。
（4）come into sight 进入视野
A bicycle came into sight on the main road.
大街上出现了一辆自行车。
特别提示
由sight构成的词组sight前常不用冠词。
2.set an example to
例句集锦
He sets an example to the other students.
=He sets an example for the other students.
=He sets the other students an example.
他为其他学生树立了榜样
相关归纳
（1）for example=for instance
The report is incomplete；it does not include sales in France,for example.
该报告欠完整，比如，它未将法国的销售额包括进去。
It is possible to combine Computer Science with other subjects,for example Physics.
将计算机科学课程与其他课程如物理结合起来是可能的。
She visited several cities in Japan,for example,Tokyo and Kobe.
她在日本参观了几个城市，比如东京和神户。
（2）take ... for example 以……为例
Let’s take Mary for example.
让我们以玛丽为例吧。
（3）follow sb’s example=follow the example of sb.
以某人为学习的榜样
Millions of Chinese follow Lei Feng’s example.
千百万中国人以雷锋为学习榜样。
（4）make an example of sb.
惩罚某人以儆他人，惩一儆百
The captain decided to make an example of the soldier who had played truant.
上尉决定惩罚开小差的士兵以儆他人。
3.from then on
例句集锦
She left in 1984 and from then on she lived alone.
她于1984年离开，打那时起一直独居。
From then on they never spoke to each other.
自那时起他们一直不搭腔。
From then on the bat always comes out at night.
自那时起蝙蝠总是在夜间出来。
相关归纳
（1）（every）now and then=（every）now and again=from time to time时常，不时
Every now and then she checked to see if he was still asleep.
她不时地查看他是否还在熟睡。
I do every single bit of housework while my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.
家务活我无所不做而我的老公鲍勃只是偶尔洗洗盘子。
（2）then and there=there and then 当场，立即
He accepted my offer then and there.
他当场接受了我的开价。
I took one look at the car and offered to buy it there and then.
我看了一眼汽车便当场答应买下来。
（3）but then=then again=but then again 但是，但是另一方面
She was early,but then again,she always is.
她来得早，然而她总是早来。
-So you might accept their offer?
那么你也许会接受他们的开价？
-Yes,then again I might not.
是的，但也许不会。
●必背句型
1.强调句型及其变化形式
教材原句
（1）It was during the “March on Washington DC” in 1963 that he gave the speech “I Have a Dream”,which inspired people of all races to fight for equality.
正是在“华盛顿特区大游行”期间，他作了“我有一个梦想”的演说，该演说激励着各种族人民为争取平等而斗争。
特别提示
注意强调句式的结构：It is（was）+被强调的成分+原句结构。上句强调的是时间状语。
（2）What is it that makes the ocean such a great place to live?
是什么使海洋成为如此优越的生存之所？
特别提示
本句是强调句型的特殊疑问句形式。我们可将其还原成陈述句：
It is water that makes the ocean such a great place to live.
补充例句
（1）It is the chemical structure of water that makes it an excellent medium for life.
是水的化学结构使它成为绝佳的生命存在的介质。
（2）What is it that makes water an excellent medium for life?
是什么使水成为绝佳的生命存在的介质？
Why!I have nothing to confess. What is it that you want me to say?
嗨！我没有什么可供认的，你究竟想让我说什么？
（3）I have always been honest and straightforward,and it doesn’t matter who it is that I’m talking to.
我向来实话实说，直言不讳，不论对谁讲话都是如此。
2.What和whatever引导的名词性从句
教材原句
（1）Even though the pure water is what gives sea water its main properties,the salinity of sea water affects both its weight and freezing point.
虽然纯净水给海水提供了主要特性，但海水的高含盐量影响着其重量和冰点。
特别提示
连接代词what=the thing which,相当于汉语中的“的”字结构，表示“……的人（事）”，其引导的名词性从句可作主语、宾语或表语。掌握what-句的关键是弄清what的“分身术”：既在从句中充当主语或宾语，又在逻辑上充当主句中的主语或动词宾语。
（2）What all these groups have in common is that they ask to be treated with respect,share the rights to work,good housing conditions and education and be treated equal to other people in all ways.
这些团体所共有的愿望是要求受到尊重，享有工作、好的居住条件和受教育的权利以及在各方面受到平等对待。
（3）The nutrients in whatever falls into the ocean will quickly become available to other living creatures.
任何东西进入海洋后，其营养物质很快就会被其他生物获得。
特别提示
句中的whatever=anything that,与what功能相同，只是语气强一些。
补充例句
（1）It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.
一般认为孩子要什么就给他（她）什么是不明智的。
（2）A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago.
在十年前还是荒地的地方建起了一座现代化的城市。
（3）After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth，what our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
杨利伟成功绕地球飞行后，我们的宇航员们渴望做太空行走。
（4）You are what you eat.
你的饮食习惯决定着你的人生。
疑难突破
1.race,match,game,competition,contest
五者都有“比赛”之义，但适用的范围有所不同。race通常指短跑比赛，如百米赛跑、接力赛等；match 一般指代表队之间的大型的公开比赛，尤指球类比赛；game通常指为了娱乐或锻炼、根据某种规则以胜负为主的比赛，既可是体力的，亦可是脑力的；competition指对力量、技术和能力的比赛，如：a beer drinking competition；contest与competition用法非常接近，有时可互换，只是contest是一种更正规的竞赛，一般要有评委班子，并要评出几等奖，如：a beauty contest；a dancing contest。
应用
（1）Who won the 100-etre______?
（2）The football______was so exciting that all the people watching kept shouting all the time.
（3）Basketball is such a popular______in the U.S.that whenever there is a ______the place is always crowded.
（4）Have you entered for the writing______?
（5）Let’s have a______of cards.
答案：（1）race （2）match （3）game；match （4）competition/contest （5）game
2.demand,ask,beg,require,request
五者都有“要求,请求”之义，但客气程度及结构搭配不尽相同。
*ask最常用,表示一般的请求,其常用结构有:ask sb.to do sth.,ask sb.for sth.,ask for sth.。
*demand 有命令之意，是来自权威方面不许打折扣的要求。其常用结构有demand sth.,demand to do sth.,demand that....
*beg “乞求，恳求”。表谦恭地恳请满足某种较迫切的要求，常含有低声下气之意。其常用结构有beg sth.,beg sb.to do sth.,beg to do sth.,beg for sth.,beg sb.for sth.。
*require “要求，命令”。常可与demand换用，但语气较缓和，有按章办事、任何人不得例外的含义。在较正式的文体里常用被动语态。常用结构有 require sth.,require sb.to do sth.,require that...。
*request“请求，恳求”。常指正式或有礼貌的请求。其常用结构有request sth.,request sb.to do sth.,request sb.to do sth.,request that...。
应用
（1）The policeman______his name and address.
（2）English is______to study in most schools in China.
（3）She______permission to film at the White House.
（4）The prisoners______for mercy.
（5）The boy______his mother not to punish him.
答案：（1）demanded （2）required （3）requested （4）begged（asked） （5）begged（asked）
典例剖析
【例1】 （2004年全国卷Ⅲ,21）I often see lights in that empty house.Do you think I ______report it to the police?
A.should B.may C.will D.can
剖析：说话者常见空房子有灯光，感到不正常，不知是否应报警，于是征求听者意见。四个选项中只有should有“应当”之意。
答案：A
【例2】 （2004年上海,30）The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A.persuade B.will persuade
C.be persuaded D.are persuaded
剖析：首先，persuade 是及物动词，使用时要么带宾语，要么用被动式。据此可排除A、B两项；由主句谓语动词will be reduced可知从句应为真实条件句。在时间或条件状语从句中，谓语动词用一般时表达将来的动作。
答案：D
【例3】 （2004年上海，47）After the trainer was sure that the whale could look after itself,he ______it into the sea.
A.transported B.unloaded C.released D.handled
剖析：考查词汇题。关键是准确理解各词的含义。transport运输；unload卸载；release释放；handle操作，摆弄。全句意为“驯鲸员确信那条鲸鱼能够照顾自己后把它放回大海”。
答案：C