Welcome to the unit & reading
精讲典析
1. Science is developing so fast that it is beyond our imagination.（page 41）
科学的发展如此之快，超出我们的想像。
(1) beyond是介词，常见用法为：
①（表示时间）迟于；过了……以后
Don’t stay there beyond midnight. 不要过了午夜还留在那儿。
② 超出（某种数量、限度）；超出……的范围；非……可及
The switch on the wall was beyond the baby’s reach. 装在墙上的开关婴儿是摸不到的。
We saw a building some distance beyond the woods.
我们看见在树林之外不远的地方有一个建筑物。
It’s beyond human power. 它超出了人的力量。
If the work is beyond Tom, it is certainly beyond me.
如果汤姆干不了这项工作，我也干不了。
③ 除……之外（常用于含疑问或否定意义的结构中）
I didn’t notice anything beyond his rather strange accent.
除了他那颇为古怪的口音以外，我没有注意到别的。
④ beyond作副词时表示“再往前”或“再过去”。例如：
There is nothing beyond. 再过去就什么也没有了。
The hill blocks our view. What’s beyond? 小山挡住了我们的视线。再往前是什么呢？
(2) imagination n. “想像力、空想、幻想物”，多用作不可数名词。例如：
The story shows plenty of imagination. 这个故事表现出丰富的想像力。
Poets and artists have imagination. 诗人和艺术家都有想象力。
It does not take great imagination to guess what happened next. 随后发生的事情不难想象。
2. A recent announcement by scientists that they have successfully cloned the first human embryo has caused much debate and has shocked many people around the world.（page 42, lines 1-3）科学家最近宣布，他们已克隆出第一个人类胚胎，这在全球范围内引起了沸沸扬扬的辩论，许多人为之感到震惊。
(1) 句中that引导同位语从句，对抽象名词announcement做具体说明。announcement 与引导词that之间被by scientists隔开。例如：
They made a public announcement that the wages of the workers would be increased.
他们发布了通告，那些工人的工资将会提高。
His sudden announcement that she was leaving took us quite by surprise.
他突然说要离去, 这使我们非常惊奇。
(2) announcement n. “通告、公告”，可数名词。例如：
There are several announcements in the newspaper today.
今天的这张报纸上有好几个通告。
The company put up an announcement on the wall. 那家公司在墙壁上贴了一个通告。
The announcement about their marriage has appeared in the newspaper.
他们结婚的通告已经刊登在报纸上了。
3. On the one hand, some scientists point out that if you clone an embryo, you can produce valuable tissues and organs that could be used to save human life.（page 42, lines 3-5）一方面，一些科学家指出，如果你能够克隆出人类胚胎，就可以制造出拯救人类生命的宝贵的组织和器官了。
(1) on the one hand意为“一方面”，on the other hand意为“另一方面”。两个短语都是表连接作用的副词性短语。可以同时用在一个句子中。例如：
On (the) one hand, I want to go to the party, but on the other hand I ought to be studying at home. 一方面我想去参加宴会，而另一方面我应当在家学习。
On the one hand this job doesn't pay very much, but on the other hand I can’t get another one.
一方面这份工作报酬不高，可另一方面我又找不到其他工作。
(2) 辨析：point out, point to, point at
注意这一组短语的区别。
① point out“指出、使注意”的意思。例如：
This guide book points out the main facts of early American history.
这本导游手册讲述了美洲早期的重要史实
Can you point out the church in the picture? 你能指出图片里的教堂吗？
He pointed out that the road was not safe that day. 他指出，那条道路那天不安全。
② point to “显示……的位置/方向”。例如：
The building points to the east. 这座楼面朝东。
The hands of the clock pointed to half past eight. It was time we put our children to bed.
钟的指针指在八点半上, 我们该让孩子们上床睡觉了。
③ point at (把.……) “对准、指向”。例如：
The guide pointed at a tower and told us that it was built hundreds of years ago.
导游指着一座塔, 告诉我们说这是数百年前修建的。
It’s rude to point your fingers at people. 用手指指人是很失礼的。
4. On the other hand, many people, including some scientists disagree and fear that if mankind interferes with nature in this way, they may be on their way to producing a real-life Frankenstein’s monster.（page 42, lines 5-7）
另一方面，很多人，包括一些科学家都反对并担心如果人类以这种方式干涉自然的话，他们将制造出现实生活中的弗兰肯斯坦怪物。
(1) interfere with sb./sth. “干涉、干预；摆弄、妨碍”。例如：
I am not going to be interfered with. 我不想别人干预我的事情。
He was afraid this would interfere with his study. 他担心这会妨碍他的学习。
I don’t want to interfere with you; proceed with your work.
我不想打扰你了, 你继续工作吧。
Who interfered with my camera? 谁擅自用过我的照相机?
(2) on one’s (the) way to/towards (doing) sth “即将做……”, 如果to后接一表地点的名词，应理解为 “在去......的路上”。例如:
We’re on the way towards an election victory. 我们即将赢得大选。
He’s well on the way to establishing himself among the top ten players in the world.
他即将进入世界前十名顶尖选手的行列。
I came across him on the way to work. 我是在去上班的路上遇见他的。
I bought some bread on the way to the company. 我在去公司的路上买了些麵包。
5. However, in general the scientists were praised for their wonderful scientific breakthrough.（page 42, lines 12-13）但整体而言，科学家因为杰出的科学突破而受到赞扬。
辨析：in general, as a whole
这两个短语意义比较接近，都有“总的说来；大体上；通常”的意思，在句子中位置也比较灵活，仔细斟酌还是有着微细的区别。
① in general强调“个体或局部”。例如：
Women in general like to shop for new clothes. 大多数妇女喜欢逛街买新衣服。
The class are, in general, very bright. 总的说来, 这个班级的学生都很聪明。
In general, Alexander was a peaceful, loving man.
总的来说，亚历山大是个平和的、有爱心的人。
I like games in general, and especially football. 各种运动我一般都喜欢，尤其是足球。
② as a whole 强调 “整体或全局”。例如：
Therefore, …in order to understand the meaning of the text as a whole. (page 43)
因此，……以便完整地理解文章的意思。
We must consider these matters as a whole. 我们必须从整体上考虑这些事情。
There are some areas of poverty, but the country as a whole is fairly rich.
这个国家有些地区比较贫困, 但总的来说是相当富裕的。
As a whole we tried our best. 总的来说我们尽力了。
(2) praise的用法
① praise sb. for sth. “因……称赞、表扬某人”。例如：
He was praised for his neat and careful work. 他因工作认真、利索而受到赞扬。
He praised his team for their performance. 他称赞他的团队表现出色。
The teacher praised her for her courage. 老师赞扬了她的勇气。
② 做名词用“称赞、赞美、赞扬、表扬”。例如：
He earned praise for their efforts 他们由于努力而赢得赞誉
The audience was full of praise for the whole production. 观众对整部作品称赞不已。
③ in praise of短语常见在句中做状语。例如：
He gave a speech in praise of the school. 他在讲话中称赞了这所学校。
The teacher spoke in praise of the child for his honesty. 他很诚实, 老师表扬了他。
6. However, some people consider that cloning human embryos with the intention of destroying them shows no respect for human life.（page 42, lines 18-20）但也有人认为，怀着摧毁它们的意图来克隆人类胚胎，是对人类生命的不尊重。
(1) with the intention of “抱有……目的、打算”，是一短语介词，在句中做状语表目的。例如：
He returned with the intention of spending New Year with his family. = He returned to spend New Year with his family. 为了和家人共度新年他回来了。
I went to the supermarket with the intention of buying some food. = I went to the supermarket to buy some food. 我去了超市，打算买些食物。
He left England with the intention of travelling in Africa. = He left England to travel in Africa. 他离开英国打算去非洲旅行。
(2) 辨析：intention, goal, aim, purpose
这些名词都指人想要达到的 “目的”，但各有侧重。
① intention 只指某人想要追随的行动方向。例如：
Do you have any intention of applying for the job? 你打算申请这个工作吗？
It is not my intention to argue with you. 我不是想和你争论。
If I've hurt your feelings, it was quite without intention.
如果我伤了你的感情那完全是无意的。
② purpose 强调决心或决定的想法。例如：
He returned to his homeland with the purpose of serving his own people.
他返回祖国, 意在为祖国人民服务。
His purpose was to discover how long these guests intended to stay.
他想要知道这些客人打算呆多长时间。
③ goal 可指理想的或甚至遥远的目标。例如：
Our goal is to earn enough money to keep the business going.
我们的目标是赚足够的钱使公司支撑下去。
We are all working towards a common goal. 我们都在为一个共同目的而努力。
④ aim 强调为追寻某种目的而努力奋斗的方向。例如：
His only aim in life is to enjoy himself. 他人生唯一的目的就是享受生活。
It is important to have a clear aim in view. 心中有明确的目标是十分重要的。
(3) show respect for“对……表示尊敬”，respect是名词可带修饰语。例如：
You make me wait and don't show me any respect.
你一点儿也不尊重我，让我等了这么久。
You shall show greater respect for your elders. 你应该对长辈尊重些。
The boss showed little respect for the employees. 那个老板对雇员一点也不尊重。
He is a selfish fellow, who has no respect for anyone.
他是个自私的家伙，对人一点也不尊重。
7. While cloning human embryos is illegal in many countries, some scientists are already pushing ahead with research so as to deliver a cloned human baby.（page 42, lines 27-28）尽管克隆人类胚胎在很多国家属于非法，有些科学家已加紧研究，以便降生一个克隆的人类婴儿。
(1) push ahead with短语在句中做“推进、推行”理解。例如：
Whatever happens, we must push ahead with our plans to increase production.
无论发生什么情况, 我们都必须推行我们的增产计划。
He promised to push ahead with economic reform. 他允诺继续推行经济改革。
We are pushing forward with our plan. 我们正坚决实施计划。
(2) 辨析：push ahead，go ahead
两个短语都有“前进”的意义，ahead是副词，都是不及物词组，但其区别也是明显的。
① push ahead强调“向前推进、急速前进”
If we push ahead, we can get home before dark. 如果我们抓紧, 天黑前我们还能赶到家。
I want to push ahead on this project. 有关这个方案我想继续取得进展。
② go ahead “前进、继续向前”, 在口语中有多种意义。例如：
The project will go ahead. 这个项目会做下去的。
We feel you should go ahead. 我们觉得您应该干。
Go ahead and do what you like. 去吧，喜欢干什么就干什么。
-Can I use the bathroom? 我可以用一下卫生间么？
-Go ahead! 当然，请便！
Go ahead, we’re all listening to you carefully. 开始吧，我们都在认真听你说。
8. Human life would no longer be unique; it would just be a product for sale. （page 43, lines 39-40）到那时人类生命将不再是独一无二的了，将只是一个可供出售的产品。
(1) 辨析：unique, only
两个词做形容词用都有“唯一的”的意思，但意义上区别较大。
① unique强调的是“区别和与众不同”。例如：
The beauty of Dunhuang is unique in the world. 敦煌的美在世界上是独一无二的。
She’s proud of her ring because of its unique design.
她为她的戒指而自豪，因为戒指的设计是独一无二的。
② only强调的是“数量”。例如：
It's the only place to be seen these days. 这是这些天惟一值得看的地方。
He was an only child. 他是独生子。
The only French city she enjoyed was Paris. 巴黎是她惟一喜欢的法国城市。
Practice is the only way to learn a language well. 学好一门语言的惟一途径就是实践。
(2) 辨析：for sale, on sale
① for sale 是介词短语，在句中作后置定语，修饰a product。for sale 相当于intended to be sold “待售”。还可以做状语和表语。例如：
These are cars for sale at reasonable prices. 这些是价位合理的待售小轿车。(定语)
She has put her house up for sale. 她现在的房子在出售。(状语)
I’m sorry this painting is not for sale. 很抱歉，这幅画是非卖品。(表语)
② on sale 表示“出售”、“上市”的意思。on sale还可表示“廉价出售”。在句中也可以做定语、状语和表语。例如：
The new model is not on sale in the shops. 这种新款式在商店尚未上市。(表语)
I got this hat on sale; it was very cheap. 我在大减价时买到这顶帽子, 价格很便宜。(状语)
There are some nice apples on sale in that shop. 那家商店有些很好的苹果出售。(定语)
9. The human race is using up Earth’s resources. （page 43, line 41）人类正耗尽地球上的资源。
(1) use up “用光、耗尽”，use仅指动作过程，而use up则强调结果；英语中不少动词都是如此。例如：
He knows how to use the savings and before long he will use up all the money.
他知道怎样使用这笔存款，用不了多久这笔钱会全部用完。
She didn’t want to end the relationship. But she finally had to end it up.
她不想结束这种关系但最后她只好结束这种关系。
He was eating a hot dog when I came in. A few minutes later he ate up all the food on the table. 我进来时他正在吃热狗，不一会儿他吃完了餐桌上所有的食物。
She had to dig the garden. As a result, an old coin was dug up in the garden.
她得把花园挖一挖, 结果在花园里挖出了一枚古硬币。
(2) 辨析：use up, run out, run out of
表示“用完”时，这些词组意义相同，但用法不同。
① use up是及物动词短语，其主语是人。例如：
I’ ve used up all the glue. = All the glue has been used by me. 我把胶水都用光啦。
② run out是不及物动词词组，表示“被用完了（become used up)”，含被动意义，其主
语通常是时间、金钱、食物等无生命名词。例如：
His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花完了。
Food supplies had run out towards the end of the trip. 在旅行快结束时，食物已经吃完了。
③ run out of 含有介词of，作及物动词用，“用完(=use up)”的意思。例如：
He ran out of gas a mile from home. 他在离家还有一英里的地方把汽油用完了。
What if I've run out of money？我把钱花光了怎么办？
10. I am in complete agreement with human cloning.（page 43, lines 49-50）我完全同意克隆人类。
(1) in agreement with 是一短语介词，句中be in complete agreement with/about 是系表结构= quite agree with /about，意思是“完全同意；意见一致”，其介词短语还可以在句中做其他成分。例如：
We are in agreement with their decision. 我们同意他们的决定。
I am quite in agreement with what you say. 我十分同意你说的话。
I find myself in almost total agreement with Tony. (宾补)
我发现自己的意见几乎完全与托尼一致。
He nodded in agreement with me. 他点头表示同意我的意见。(状语)
11. Seven years ago, my 10-year-old daughter died of heart failure.（page 43, lines 52-53）七年前，我10岁的女儿死于心脏病。
辨析：die of, die from
① die of“死于”，常常表示由于疾病、情感、饥饿等原因死亡。例如：
The baby died of a fever. 那婴儿因发高烧而死。
In a cold winter, many wild animals may die of hunger.
在严寒的冬天，很多野生动物会死于饥饿。
The old woman died of grief soon after her husband’s death.
那位老太太在丈夫去世后不久因悲伤而死。
② die from意思是“由于……而死”，一般指除了疾病或情感以外的原因造成的死亡。
He died from a chest wound. 他因胸部受伤而死亡。
In a cold winter, wild animals may die from lack of food.
在严寒的冬天，野生动物会由于缺乏食物而死亡。
He’s so busy, I am worried he’s going to die from work too much.
他那么忙，我怕他会因工作过劳而死。
12. Question things you do not understand or that do not appear to make sense. (page 43) 对于你不了解的地方，或者似乎讲不通的地方，要提出问题。
辨析：appear, seem
两个词做系动词用都有“似乎、好像”的意思，含义似乎没有多大差异，在句型结构上也基本一样，有时候也能互换，微细的区别仍然值得注意。
① appear暗含“的确如此”含义，如果要表示某种判断而得出的印象最好用appear。appear还可以是行为动词“出现，显现”的意思。例如：
It appeared that he had a taste for music. = He appeared to have a taste for music.
看来他对音乐还有一定的鉴赏力。
They appear / seem to have misunderstood me. = It appears /seems that they have misunderstood me. 他们似乎误解了我。
The actress is thirty-five years old, but she appears a lot younger. = The actress is thirty-five years old, but it appears that she is a lot younger.
那个女演员三十五岁了，但是她看上去年轻得多。
② seem所表示的“似乎”或“看来”是以客观的迹象为依据。还可以有It seems as if…句型，而appear则不能用于此句型。例如：
She seems a clever girl. = It seems that she is a clever girl. 她好像是个聪明的姑娘。
The baby seems (to be) asleep. = It seems that the baby is asleep. 那婴孩好像是睡着了。
He seemed disappointed when the man refused his request. = It seemed that he was disappointed when the man refused his request. 当那个人拒绝了他的要求时他看起来很失望。
It seems that you are lying. = You seem to be lying. 看来你在撒谎。
It seems as if you are the first one here. 看起来你是第一个来这儿的。
It seems as if she has been to England. 好像要下一场雷阵雨。
13. Why do some people think they have the right to go against nature?（page 45）为什么有些人认为他们有权与自然对抗呢？
辨析：go against, be against
他们基本同义，都有“反对、违背、不利于”的意思，仍有区别。
① go against sb. /sth 指“动作”。例如：
Don’t go against your parents /your parents’ wishes. 不要违背父母亲的愿望。
He went against the advice of his colleagues and resigned. 他不顾同事们的劝告辞了职。
② be against指“状态”。例如：
Are most people against the proposal? 是多数人都反对这项提议吗？
It was against his will to do such things. 做这类事是违背他的本意。
14. I believe that strict laws should be put in place and governments should do more to stop human cloning.（page 45）我认为应该严格立法，政府也该采取更多的措施阻止人类克隆。
in place 在句中作状语，意思是“在对的位置”、“在适当的位置”，其反义短语out of place“不合适; 不恰当”。在句中做表语有“合适的；恰当的”的意思。例如：
She likes everything to be in place before she starts work.
工作前，她喜欢把东西摆放得井然有序。
Some of these books are out of place. Please put them in right order.
有些书位置不对, 请把它们按顺序放好。
With everything in place, she started the slide show. 一切就绪，她开始放幻灯片
The proposal is not quite in place. 那提议并不十分恰当。
课堂作业
Ⅰ. 根据汉语意思或首字母完成句子。
1. It has helped Chinese scientists make breakthroughs.
2. Other women are desperate to get back to work.
3. The aim is to reduce anxiety and help the patients relax.
4. Nothing could stop the advance of the soldiers.
5. He received four years of normal education at college.
6. The building was totally(完全地) destroyed by the fire
7. We shall do this for the benefit(利益) of the patients.
8. You’ll succeed (成功) only if you put all your heart into it.
9. Another agreement (协议) to be signed tomorrow will concern technical co-operation.
10. She finds it difficult to grasp the basic concept(概念).
II. 选用表格内短语动词词语的适当形式完成下列句子。
go against, interfere with, concentrate on, push ahead with, succeed in, point out,
show respect for, end up, use up, praise…for, come across, be delighted to
1. Anxiety can interfere with children’s performance when they take an exam.
2. The election went against him at first, but he won at last.
3. You should concentrate on the road when you’re driving.
4. At last the climbers succeeded in climbing up the top of the mountains.
5. Don’t use up all the soap. Leave me some to wash with.
6. Everyone shows respect for her contribution to peace in the country.
7. They were praised by police for reporting the theft.
8. If you go against nature and do things, you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good.
9. I felt I could not move another step, but after lunch I pushed ahead with the rest.
10．Mistakes in the printing should be pointed out at once.
Ⅲ. 选用表格内所给短语完成下列句子。
in general, with the intention to, for sale, in agreement with,
on the one hand, one one’s way to, in place, on the other hand
1. I’m well on the way to completing the report.
2. On the one hand they’d love to have kids, but on the other, they don’t want to give up their freedom.
3. In general, this type of cars is very functional and failures are rare.
4. I am in agreement with you that she should be given more responsibilities.
5. Before the examination, please put everything for it in place.
6. On the other hand, many women choose to go out to work.
7. Last week my wife and I arranged to see a house that was for sale.
8. I worked late into the night with the intention to earning enough money.
Ⅳ. 单项选择。
1. -Your tie goes very well with your shirt.
- A .
A. Oh, I got it on sale B. I bought it at half price
C. Does it really look OK? D. No, not so nice
2. What shall we use for power when all the oil in the world has B ?
A. run out B. put out C. held up D. used up
3. In this state, all the adults who D laws were to be severely punished.
A. went for B. stood for C. stood against D. went against
4. Father likes everything to be D .
A. in place B. in the place C. in its place D. in a place
5. The earth’s resources C very quickly.
A. are used up B. will be used up C. are being used up D. have used up
6. Jim was very happy yesterday because he B the book that he wanted.
A. came to B. came across C. came about D. came out
7. The couple are unable to have children of their own, but hope to C one.
A. adapt B. receive C. adopt D. keep
8. Many children think they are A with when their parents are trying to show concern about them.
A. interfered B. separated C. disturbed D. informed
9. The baby reached out his hands, crying in B want of his mother.
A. curious B. desperate C. sincere D. serious
10. They’re travelling across Europe by train and are planning to end up in Moscow.
A. ended up B. ending up C. end up D. to end up
Word power & Grammar and usage
精讲典析
1. This is the organ that controls the rest of the organs, just like the headmaster controls the school.（page 47）正是这个器官控制其他器官，正如校长控制学校一样。
辨析：the rest, the other
两者都有“其他的、其余的”的意义，但他们的区别较大。
① rest是名词，即可指人也可指物，多指某一整体范围之内的其他；the rest (of +名词) 做主语时，谓语动词可以用单数形式，也可以用复数形式，应视the rest所代替的那个名词而定。例如：
I have got two bright students in the class, but the rest (of the students) are average.
这个班我有两个聪明的学生，其余的平常。
I’ll keep one third of the money and the rest (of the money) is for you.
我留下三分之一的钱，其余的给你。
The beginning of the lecture was boring, but the rest was interesting.
开始部分演讲十分枯燥，但是其余部分很有趣。
The rest of the bicycles are on sale today. 其余的自行车今日上市销售。
② other是代词，单数是两者中的“另一”，复数才指“其余的(人或物)”；多指若干个个体中的其余部分。做形容词用时亦是如此。例如：
She gave me one book last week and promised to bring the other on Wednesday.
她上周给了我一本书，并承诺星期三带来另一本。
I went swimming while the others played basketball. 我去游泳, 其余的人都去打篮球了。
There must be some other reason for him refusing to help. 他不肯帮忙, 一定另有原因。
Are there any other problems? 还有其他的问题吗?
Other people found it difficult to get along with her. 其他的人觉得她很难相处。
2. He is always working in his lab, trying to figure out all the mysteries that make him puzzled.（page 49）他总是在实验室工作，尽力去弄明白所有使他困惑的奥秘。
figure out在句中意为“弄明白”; figure out还可表示“计算出”或“解决”。例如：
I just can’t figure him out. 我简直摸不透他。
No one can figure out how the fire started. 没有人弄得清这场火灾是怎么引发的。
Could you help me figure out this problem? 你能帮我解决这问题吗?
I have figured out how much during the week I spent. 我算出了这个星期花了多少钱。
3. He must have been working too hard to notice!（page 49）他可能太专注于工作了，根本没有注意到。
must have been working是情态动词must 接动词的现在完成进行时，表示对过去事情的推测，意思是“肯定一直在……”，“想必一直在……”。例如：
John must have been playing football and Mary must have been doing her homework.约翰肯定一直在踢足球，而玛丽想必一直在做作业。
You must have been overdoing things a bit. 想必你一直以来都过于劳累。
3. I think we should be cautious and use good judgment when making decisions about cloning.（page 49）我认为在就克隆问题作出决策时，应当慎重行事，作出理智判断。
辨析：cautious, careful
① cautious adj. “小心的, 谨慎的”，语气比careful强，指十分小心，防止出现危险或差错，带有提防的意味，强调“意识”。常用句型：be cautious of/about sb. /sth./doing sth. 提防某人；注意某事；仔细干某事。例如：
If I had been more cautious, I might have done better. 我要是再谨慎一点，可能做得更好。
We should be cautious of strangers. 我们应该提防陌生人
The bank is very cautious about lending money. 银行在贷款方面十分慎重。
② careful侧重做事谨慎、留心，特别注意一些细节地方，着眼于“行动”。例如：
I begged him to be more careful. 我求他更谨慎些。
Be careful not to lose her address. 小心别把她的地址给弄丢了。
4. Although it involves some cost on your part, you will definitely agree it’s worth it! （page 49）尽管要支付一笔费用，但你肯定会认为是值得的。
(1) involve vt. "使卷入、牵涉、包括”，常用句型：involve sb. in 使参与〔陷入, 牵扯到〕
involve sb. with 与(某人)有密切关系。例如：
Buying an expensive car involved him in debt. 买一辆昂贵的汽车使他负债累累。
The project involved great expense. 那项工程开支巨大。
Don’t involve me in your quarrel. 不要把我卷进你们的争吵中。
Don’t involve yourself with those people. 不要和那些人混在一起。
(2) on one’s part 就某人而言
I will never do such a thing on my part. 我永不做这样的事。
It was a mistake on your part to meet him. 和他见面是你的错误。
There was a series of errors on my part. 我犯了一连串的错误。
5. Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.（page 50）采用电疗，这个细胞的组织会分裂成几个部分。
split into, divide into, separate into
这一组短语都有“分成 /为……”的意义，在句型结构上也非常接近, 归纳如下：
① 主语是sth.动词与介词into不拆分。例如：
The river splits into three smaller streams at this point. 这条河在此处分成三条小河
The class separated into several smaller groups to talk about the subject.
这个班的学生分成了几个小组讨论这个问题。
His lecture divides into three parts. 他的演讲分三部分。
② 主语是sb.动词与介词into拆分。例如：
She split the class into groups of four. 她把这个班班分成4个组。
Divide the cake into quarters and share it equally. 把蛋糕分成四份, 大家平均享用。
I separated the documents into two piles. 我把文件分成两摞。
③ 都可以用于被动结构。例如：
The old farm has been split into house lots.
这古老的农场已被划分为一块块的宅地。
After World War Two, Germany was divided into two separate countries.
二战后，德国被分成为两个国家。
The land was separated into small fields. 那块地被分割为小块的田地。
词汇奥秘
派生词：前缀和后缀
词根加上前缀或后缀而构成的新词叫派生词。通常前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。如unbelievable一词，其构成为：un-believe-able，前缀un- 表否定，形容词后缀 -able表示“能够的”，由此可推断unbelievable的意思为“not able to believe”(难以置信的)。因此，掌握一些有关前缀的和后缀的知识对学习英语词汇有很大的帮助。
1. 常见的前缀：
un-, im-, in-, dis-, ir-, non- 不；无
unfair不公平的 uncover揭开(盖子) imperfect不完美的
incorrect不正确的 dishonesty不诚实 irregular不规则的
nonstop不停的 nonsmoker不抽烟的人
anti- 反；抗
anti-war反战的 anti-aging抗衰老的 anti-smoking反对吸烟的
auto- 自动
autoalarm自动报警器 automation自动控制
mis- 错
misunderstand误解 misfortune不幸 misspell拼错
inter- 在……之间
interact相互作用 interschool学校间 international国际的
over- 过度
overload超载；overwork 过度工作；overweight超重
pre- 前；预先
preface 前言 prewar战前的 preschool学龄前的
post- 后
postgraduate研究生 postwar 战后的 postposition后置词
multi- 多
multi-purpose 多种用途的 multimedia多媒体 multimillionaire 千万富翁
re- 再
retell复述；reconsider重新考虑；review复习
semi- 半
semimonthly半月刊；semifinal半决赛的；semi-colonial半殖民地的
super- 超级
superfine特级的；superhuman超人的；supermarket超级市场
tele- 电
telephone电话；television电视；telephoto电传照相
kilo- 千
kilometer千米, 公里；kilogram千克, 公斤；kilowatt千瓦
vice- 副
vice-chairman副主席；vice-minister副部长；vice-president副总统
2. 一些常见的后缀：
（1）名词后缀：
-er, -or, -ian, -eer, -ist 表示“人”
teacher 教师 reader 读者 sailor 水手
actor 演员 historian 历史学家 musician 音乐家
magician 魔术师 engineer 工程师 volunteer 志愿者
scientist 科学家 artist 艺术家 physicist 物理学家
-ese 通常加在国名或地名上，表示“人，语言”
Chinese 中国人，汉语 Japanese 日本人， 日语
-ance 通常加在动词或形容词后，构成抽象名词
importance 重要性 assistance 帮助 guidance 指导
-tion 通常加在动词后，构成抽象名词
education教育 pronunciation发音 production 生产
-ment 通常加在动词后，表示“行动，结果”
movement 运动 achievement 成就 development 发展
-ness 通常加在形容词后
weakness弱点 happiness幸福 kindness好意
-ity 通常加在形容词后
activity活动 equality平等 electricity电
-ship 加在名词后
leadership领导 sportsmanship运动员精神 friendship友谊
-ism 表示“主义”
socialism 社会主义 communism共产主义 colonialism 殖民主义
-hood 表示“时代，境遇，身份等”
childhood童年 neighborhood邻近 motherhood母亲身份
-ty 通常加在形容词后
difficulty 困难 variety 多样化 anxiety焦虑
-th 通常加在动词或形容词后，构成抽象名词
growth 成长 truth 事实 strength力量
（2）形容词后缀：
-al 通常加在名词后，表示“与……有关的”
cultural 文化的 musical 音乐的 natural 自然的
-able, -ible 通常加在动词后，表示“能够，适于”
eatable 可食用的 suitable 合适的 visible 可见的
-ful, -ous 通常加在名词后，表示“充满，倾向”
beautiful美丽的 powerful强大的 careful仔细的
poisonous有毒的 famous著名的 various各种各样的
-less 通常加在名词后，表示“无”
fearless无畏的 endless无尽的 careless粗心的
-ern 加在名词后，表示“方向”
eastern东方的 western西方的 southern南方的
-ive 通常加在动词后
active积极的 protective防护的 collective集合的
-some 表示“易于，引起”
troublesome麻烦的 tiresome引起疲劳或厌烦的 quarrelsome 好争吵的
-y 通常加在名词后，表示“充满，倾向”
dirty 肮脏的 noisy 喧闹的 rainy下雨的
sunny 晴朗的 easy容易的 thirsty口渴的
-like 加在名词后，表示“……似的”
childlike 孩子似的 womanlike 女人似的 manlike 男人似的
-ly 通常加在名词后
friendly 友好的 leisurely 悠闲的 daily 每日的
-en 加在名词后，表示“由……制成的”
wooden木制的 woolen毛纺的 golden金的
（3）动词后缀：
-en 加在形容词或名词后，表示“使”
shorten 缩短 deepen加深 strengthen加强
-fy 加在形容词或名词后，表示“使”
beautify美化 classify 把……分等级 simplify 简化
-ize 加在形容词或名词后，表示“使”
realize实现 modernize使现代化 apologize道歉
（4）副词后缀：
-ly 通常加在形容词后
happily 愉快地 really 真正地 terribly可怕地
-ward(s) 表示“方向”
backward(s) 向后地 upward(s) 向上地 onward(s) 向前地
（5）数词后缀：
-teen 表示“加十”
sixteen十六 seventeen 十七 nineteen 十九
-ty 表示“乘十”
sixty 六十 seventy 七十 ninety 九十
-th 构成序数词
sixteenth 第十六 seventieth 第七十 ninetieth第九十
语法知识
过去分词
过去分词作非谓语动词用时，它具有形容词和副词的语法特征，在句子中做定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。过去分词常表示被动意义；在时间关系上，过去分词通常表示动作已完成；不及物动词的过去分词，不表示被动意义，只表示完成意义。
1. 用法
定语 The injured boy was sent to hospital.
He carefully studied the stamps collected in London.
表语 The glass is broken.
宾语补足语 You must get your hair cut.
状语 The old man stood up, supported by his son.
He came into his office, followed by two guards.
Seen from the top of the hill, the city is more beautiful.
① 作定语。单个过去分词或复合词一般放在所修饰的名词前；过去分词短语作定语时，则放在所修饰的词后面，被修饰的词和过去分词应是被动的逻辑主谓关系即主动意义上的动宾关系或逻辑上的系表结构表状态，都可以转换成一个含有被动语态或系表结构的定语从句。例如：
man-made satellites（人造卫星），school-run factories（校办工厂）
Students always grow with newly found knowledge. (page 47)
学生总是用新发现的知识伴随着自己成长。
A surprised look appeared on his face when he heard that his friend had died．
当他听说他的朋友死了，他脸上显示出吃惊的表情。
A letter(that is) posted today will reach him the day after tomorrow．
今天发出的信后天他能收到。（post与a letter存在意义上的动宾关系。）
I want a child (that is) genetically related to me. (page 42, lines 24-25)
我想一个在基因上有关系的孩子。
② 作表语。表示主语所处的状态; 除了系动词be外，还有其他的系动词也常见用过去分词做表语。常用作表语的过去分词有interested，excited，disappointed，delighted，discouraged， drunk，amused，astonished，tired，surprised， pleased，satisfied，worried，upset，married，frightened等。例如：
That’s disappointed. I think you’ll be pleased when it’s finished. (page 51)
真让人失望。我想作业做完的时候，你会开心的。
He sounded so thrilled. (page 49) 他听起来如此激动。
Otherwise you will get bored. (page 49) 否则你会觉得无聊。
I’m totally burnt out. (page 51) 我完全筋疲力尽了。
③ 作宾补。和宾语一起构成复合宾语，宾语是其逻辑主语。 have, make, get, keep, hear, feel, see, find, watch, notice, imagine, consider, want, wish, desire, like等动词常接过去分词作宾补。
He is always working in his lab, trying to figure out all the mysteries that make him puzzled.（page 49）他总是在实验室工作，尽力去弄明白所有使他困惑的奥秘。
He spoke loudly in order to make himself heard.
I’m gong to have my house repaired next week.
He had to get the form signed by a doctor.
He heard his name called.
I found the city greatly changed.
④ 作状语。常修饰谓语动词所表示的动作，可表示时间、原因、方式、伴随等，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，主语和过去分词同样构成逻辑主谓的被动关系，可以同相应的状语从句进行转换。例如：
Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.（page 50）= When it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.
采用电疗，这个细胞的组织会分裂成几个部分。(表时间)
Given more time, I’ll work out all the maths problems．=If I am given more time, I’ll work out all the maths problems．(表条件)
Driven by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. =As they are driven by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. (表条件)
⑤ with+名词(或代词)+过去分词
在介词with的复合结构中，过去分词和前面的名词或代词构成逻辑主谓的被动关系, with复合结构在句中做状语。例如:
I sat in my room for a few minutes with my eyes fixed on the ceiling.
我在房间坐了一会儿，眼睛盯着天花板。（表伴随）
She had to walk home with her bike stolen. 自行车被偷，她只好步行回家。（表原因）
I had the TV on with the sound turned down. 我让电视机开着，但音量调低了。（表方式）
2. 分词的独立结构
当过去分词做状语表时间、条件、让步或方式时，可以在分词前加上相应的连词when /while / before /after /since /if /unless /though等；在状语从句中，当主从句的主语一致且谓语中含有系动词或助动词be时，从句的主语和be就可省略。例如：
Unless invited to speak, he remained silent.
When offered help, one often says “Thank you.” or “It’s kind of you.”
When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.
When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there to be trained for a space flight.
3. 过去分词与现在分词完成被动式的用法比较
现在分词的完成被动式作状语，有时可与过去分词换用。过去分词侧重于动作的被动，现在分词完成被动式侧重于动作的完成(即强调与谓语动作的先后关系)。如果不强调动作的先后，只强调动作的被动，这时只用过去分词，不用现在分词完成被动式。例如：
Having been discussed (Discussed) many times, the problems were settled at last.
Having been shown around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
4. 作状语时表示主动意义的过去分词
有些过去分词因为来源于系表结构，其本身已经是形容词了，作状语时不表被动而表主动意义。常见的这类词有：lost（迷路的、迷失的），seated（就座的），hidden（隐秘的、隐藏的），absorbed in（投入的、全神贯注的），born（出生的、产生的），dressed in（穿戴好的），tired of（厌倦的、厌烦的）等。例如：
Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.
Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.
Faced with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
Interested in the subject, he spent much time reading the books.
课堂作业
Ⅰ. 单项选择。
1. Some of the wheat is from China. What about D ?
A. another B. the other C. others D. the rest
2. We can’t wait. We have to A the direction and the distance before we take action.
A. figure out B. make out C. think out D. turn out
3. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They B at least 150 kilometers an hour.
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
4. I’m lucky enough to find the same knife D I lost yesterday.
A. which B. what C. like D. that
5. He is a B investor who studied the market before buying.
A. careless B. cautious C. hasty D. impatient
6. He has nothing to do with the murder case. He is not C in it.
A. concerned in B. concerned for C. involved in D. related in
7.-Jack bought a new mobile phone A .
-Did he? That’s his third one in just one month.
A. the other day B. by now C. some day D. for the firs time
8. He reached the top of his D in very little time.
A. judgement B. comment C. concept D. profession
9. He B as if nothing out of the ordinary was happening.
A. has behaved B. behaved C. is behaving D. behaves
10. All of them are experts in their chosen C .
A. effect B. position C. field D direction
Ⅱ. 用适当的非谓语动词形式填空。
1. She caught the student cheating (cheat) in exams.
2. When I got there, I found him repairing (repair) farm tools.
3. When I got there, I found the farm tools repaired. (repair)
4. Just then he heard someone calling (call) for help.
5. He worked so hard that he got his pay raised. (raise)
6. The missing boys were last seen playing (play) near the river.
7. Compared (compare) with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful.
8. The workers had the machines running (run) all night long to finish the work on time.
9. People in the south have their houses made (make) of bamboo(竹).
10. Lost (lose) in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
Ⅲ. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. He did not seem at all interested (interest) in the subject.
It will be very interesting (interest) to see what they come up with.
2. I am always pleased (please) to hear from former students.
He is a very well mannered and pleasing (please) young man.
3. It was surprising (surprise) that he finished writing a novel in only twenty days.
Are you surprised (surprise) to see Einstein on a Chinese stamp?
4. It is said that the team made a disappointing (disappoint) start.
We were disappointed (disappoint) that they could not learn the lesson of history.
5. When she had finished her meal, she gave a satisfied (satisfy) smile.
The work proved to be more satisfying (satisfy) than being a teacher.
Ⅳ. 单项选择。
1. She wants her paintings D in the gallery, but we don t think they would be very popular. (2007 上海春)
A. display B. to display C. displaying D. displayed
2. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless A every day. (2007 四川)
A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water
3. A by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. (2007 浙江)
A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven
4.- Can those C at the back of the classroom hear me? （2008福建）
-No problem.
A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat
5. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English C as much as we can. （2008江苏卷）
A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
6. B and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. (2006全国1)
A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising
7. They have a very practical little table that folds up (折叠起来) quickly when B .
A. not to be needed B. not needed C. needed not D. to be n
8. With the money C , he couldn’t buy any ticket.
A. to lose B. losing C. lost D. has lost
9. -How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
-The key B the problem is to meet the demand B by the customers.
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; made
10. Deeply B , I thanked her again and again.
A. being moving B. moved C. moving D. to be moved
Task & project
精讲典析
1. I am writing to complain about your plans to start cloning human beings in the UK.（page 56）我写信投诉你准备在英国开始克隆人的计划。
complain vt. & vi. “抱怨、诉苦、投诉”，其常用句型有：
① 不及物动词。例如：
You have no reason to complain. 你没有理由抱怨。
② complain that从句 抱怨……。例如：
She often complains that he is dishonest. 她常埋怨说他不诚实。
They complained that the wages were too low. 他们抱怨工资过低。
She complained (to me) that he had been rude to her. (她向我诉说)他曾对她有粗鲁的行为。
③ complain of/about (doing) sth. 抱怨, 抗议做某事。例如：
Jean is always complaining about something. 琼总是满腹牢骚。
They complained about the food. 他们抱怨这糟糕的食物。
④ complain (to sb) about sth. (向某人)抱怨/投诉什么事。
All the guests complained to the waiter about the noise.
所有的客人都向服务员抱怨这些噪音。
I’m going to complain to your manager about this! 我要向你们经理投诉这件事!
2. I understand that other countries have already begun trying to clone human beings, but this does not mean that we should follow in their footsteps.（page 56）我获悉其他国家已经开始克隆人，但这并不意味着我们就要步其后尘。
follow / walk in sb.’s footsteps “仿效某人、步某人后尘”。例如：
She works in theatre, following in her father’s footsteps. 他继承父业，也从事戏剧工作。
His daughter followed in his steps (footsteps) and became a doctor.
他女儿走他的路，当了医生。
Are you going to follow your father’s steps as a policeman?
你是不是继承你父亲的遗志当警察呢？
3. I’m sure that if you conducted a survey among UK citizens, it would show that the majority of people would not advocate this type of scientific research. (page 56)
如果你在英国公民中进行一项调查，我肯定大多数人不同意这种科学研究。
(1) conduct vt. & vi. “组织、实施、进行”= carry out。例如：
The survey must be conducted / carried out in secret. 这次调查必须悄悄地进行。
They will carry out / conduct experiments. 他们将进行实验。
(2) 辨析：majority, most
这两个词都有 “多数，大多数”的意思，但区别较大。
① majority 是名词，做主语时，如果of所有格的名词是复数，其谓语动词应是复数形式，如果是不可数名词，其谓语动词应是单数，如果仅majority做主语，其谓语动词单复数均可。例如：
The majority of his books are kept upstairs. 他的大部分书收藏在楼上。
The majority of the workers voted to go back to work. 大多员工投票主张复工。
The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 这次的大部分损害容易补救。
The majority was / were in favor of banning smoking in offices and some other places in public. 大多数人都赞成在办公室和其他一些公共场所禁烟。
② most是代词，其前不可能加冠词，其谓语动词和majority一样也应视情况而定。例如：
There are thousands of verbs in English and most (of them) are regular.
英语中有成千上万的动词，大多数是规则的。
Most of the people are aware of it. 多数人知道这个。
Most of her books were stolen. 她的大部分书都被偷走了。
Most of his time is used to read. 大多数时间他用来阅读。
③ most可做形容词用于修饰名词。例如：
Most students passed the examination. 大多数学生通过了考试。
These types of buildings are seen in most European countries.
在大多数欧洲国家你能见到这样式的建筑。
(3) advocate vt. “提倡、主张、倡导”，可接名词或动名词做宾语。例如：
Our premier advocates higher salaries for teachers. 我们的总理主张提高教师的工资。
I don’t advocate doing such things. 我不主张干这样的事情。
Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behavior.
许多专家主张对孩子好的行为表现给予奖励。
4. To conclude, I urge you to seek the opinions of the people of the UK on this matter so we can end this immoral practice immediately.（page 56）总之，我迫切要求你听听英国人民对这件事的看法，以便我们能够立刻终止这种不道德的做法。
(1) to conclude =in conclusion=finally, 意为“最后、总之、总而言之、综上所述”，用在发言或演讲结束时的总结项标志，在句中做插入语。例如：
To conclude / In conclusion / Finally, I wish the Summit a complete success!
最后(一句话)，祝大会取得圆满成功！
T conclude / In conclusion / Finally，I wish you every success in your work.
最后(一句话), 我祝你们工作顺利。
In conclusion, nanotechnology holds some very exciting promises for the future, but we must use this technology wisely. (page 110)
综上所述，纳米技术前景很好; 我们必须很好的利用这项技术。
In conclusion, it is clear that the market is maturing.
总之，市场正日趋成熟这一点十分清楚。
(2) urge vt. “力劝; 敦促”的意思，其主要句型结构有：
① urge sb. to do sth.。例如：
We all urged him to go ahead with his plan. 我们都鼓励他实施他的计划。
She urges me to take steps in the matter. 她催我处理此事。
② urge sb. into doing sth.。例如：
My friend urged me into applying for the job. 朋友们力劝我申请了那份工作。
He urged her into studying physics. 他极力劝她学习物理。
③ 接宾语从句时要用虚拟语气，从句中should可省略。例如：
He urged that they (should) go to New York. 他极力主张他们去纽约。
The report urged that all children (should) be taught to swim.
那份报告主张所以的孩子们都要学会游泳。
(3) 辨析：seek, search for, look for, hunt for
这一组词或短语都有“搜寻、寻找”的意思，强调的都是动作，在句型结构和用法上也相似有时可相互转换。
① seek vt. & vi.
We sought long and hard but found no answer.
我们作了长期的艰苦探索, 但没有找到答案。
Police are still seeking / searching for the missing child.
警方仍在搜寻那名失踪的儿童。
He is seeking / searching for the answer now. 他现在正在寻找答案。
We shouldn’t seek after comfort, personal fame, or gain. 我们不应该贪图安逸, 追名逐利。
② search (for) 还带有“搜”的含义，其宾语不仅有人或物，还有地点，其他词或词组显然不带此意义。例如：
She searched the house from top to bottom. 她将整个房子找了个遍。
I must search the Internet for one of his pictures. 我必须上网搜索他的一张照片。
After he felt better, he searched for work at the various mills.
他感到好些后, 就在各工厂找工作。
They searched all the drawers for the missing paper.
他们翻了所有的抽屉找寻那份遗失的文件。
③ look for是常用语，除了具体的人或物外，其宾语还有较抽象的内容。例如：
Why are the police looking for / search for/ seeking you? 为什么警察在四处找你?
He has come all the way from Leeds to look / search for a job.
他从利兹远道而来寻找工作.
That foolish fellow is looking for trouble. 那个愚蠢的家伙在自找麻烦。
It’s too soon yet to look for results. 要想知道结果那还太早。
④ hunt for除了“寻找”意义外，还有“猎取……”之意，其他无法替代。例如：
The whole neighborhood have been hunting for / searching for /looking for/ seeking the missing child. 整条街的人都在寻找那个失踪的孩子。
He has been hunting for / looking for/ search for a job. 他一直在找工作。
Police are hunting / searching for the killer. 警察在追捕凶手。
He’s on holiday in Africa, hunting for animals. 他正在非洲度假打猎呢。
The natives live by hunting for their food. 当地人以猎取野兽为食。
6. The very genes that make crops resistant to pests and disease could be harmful to animals.（page 57）正是那些使农作物抵抗害虫和疾病的基因，可能对动物有害。
(1) very 在句中是形容词，用以加强语气，意思是“正是那个”、“正是所要的”、“恰好的”、“极其”。例如：
This is the very book I want! 这正是我所需要的书。
At that very moment the telephone bell rang. 恰好在那个时候，电话铃响了。
These pills are the very thing for your cold. 这些药丸治你的感冒正合适。
(2) resistant to是形容词短语，意为“对……有抵抗力的”或“耐……的”, 在句中做后置定语。例如：
A healthy diet creates a body (that is) resistant to disease.
保健饮食有助于增强体内对疾病的抵抗力。
We need building materials which are resistant to heat. 我们需要耐热的建筑材料。
(3) 辨析：be harmful to, harm, do harm to, be bad for
这一组词或短语都有“对……有害”的意思，其微细的区别应加以注意。
① be harmful to = be bad for。强调的是状态。例如：
The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to / bad for health.
大多数医生相信，吸烟有害于身体健康。
Sugars can be harmful to / bad for the teeth. 糖可能会损害牙齿。
② harm是及物动词，主要指对人身或健康的伤害，强调的是动作(过程)。例如：
I have never harmed anyone. 我从没伤害过任何人。
Smoking harms our health. 吸烟有害健康。
There was a fire in our street, but no one was harmed. 我们街上发生了火灾, 但无人受伤。
③ do harm to中的harm是不可数名词，do harm to即可指对人身或健康的“伤害”，也可指对其他方面的“损害”，强调的是动作。例如：
Pollution does great the harm to the environment. 污染对环境造成损害。
It’s unlikely to do much harm to the engine. 这不大可能会严重损坏发动机。
The drought did a lot of harm to the crops. 干旱给庄稼带来许多危害。
④ be bad for除还有“对……有害”的意思外，还有“不利于“的意思。例如：
People often think economic development is bad for the environment，but this does not have to be true. (page 23) 人们常常认为经济发展对环境保护不利，但这个提法不一定正确。
Breathing in other people’s cigarette smoke is bad for / harmful to you (= has a harmful effect on your health). 被动吸烟对你健康有害。
Often they do not realize that the choices they make are bad for / harmful to the environment. (page 58, lines 23-24) 他们往往没意识到自己所做的选择对环境是有害的。
7. So far, research has been limited to increasing production profits, rather than ensuring safety.（page 57）到目前为止，研究一直局限于提高生产利润，而不是确保安全性。
limit的句型结构
① limit vt. “限制、限定”，用名词或代词做宾语。例如：
We must limit our expenses. 我们必须限制我们的开支。
Having so little money to spend on an apartment does limit you in your choice.
只有这么一点点钱用来租房的确限制了你的选择。
② limit…to sth./doing sth.，意为“对……的限制”。例如：
They limit their food to bread and butter. 他们的食物仅限于面包和黄油。
The teacher limited his students to 500 words for their compositions.
老师要求学生写500字以内的作文。
She limited her job to looking after the child. 她把她的工作限制在照看孩子上。
The teaching of history should not be limited to dates and figures.
历史教学不能只限于日期和数字。
8. We further damage Earth by constructing new water channels for shipping, building new factories and creating pollution with industrial waste.（page 58, lines 4-6）我们还修建新的水上通道，建造新工厂，用工业废料制造污染，这些都是对地球更大的破坏。
(1) 辨析：farther, further
farther和further都是far的比较级，但在词义和用法上有区别。
① farther可以做形容词或副词用，一般只用于表示距离的“较远的/地、更远的/地”= further。例如：
The farther hill is five kilometers away. 那座更远的小山在五公里以外。(adj.)
I can throw the ball farther than you can. 这个球我能比你扔得远。(adv.)
② further可以做形容词或副词用表距离时 = father，但further用作副词可以用来强调程度，father则不能替代，其意为“更进一步、更深层、而且”等意思。例如：
The church is much further / father than you think. 教堂比你想像的远得多。(adj.)
For some time I had wanted to move further / farther from London. (adv.)
有一段时间我曾想要搬到离伦敦更远的地方。
She refused to further talk of her own worry that evening.
那天晚上她拒绝进一步说她的担忧。
The house isn’t big enough for us, and further, it’s too far from the town.
那住宅对我们来说不够大, 而且离城又太远。
The police decided to investigate further. 警方决定更深入调查。
(2) construct vt. “建造、建设、构成”, 其句型结构有：
① construct sth.。例如：
They are constructing / building another bridge over the Xiangjiang River.
他们正在湘江上修建另一座桥梁。
He has constructed a new theory. 他建立了一种新理论。
② be constructed of sth. / be constructed out of sth. “用某材料建造”, 指状态。例如：
The bridge was constructed of / made of stones. 这座桥梁是用石头建造的。
The house is constructed out of bricks. 这栋房子是用砖头建造的。
9. Would anyone say that economic development should be stopped in favour of nature? （page 58, lines 9-10）会有人说为了照顾自然就该停止经济发展吗？
in favour of 是介词短语，意思是“赞成……或“支持……”，在句中常做表语或定语。例如：
Personally speaking, I ’m in favour of the scheme. 就本人而言，我赞同这个计划。
Those in favour of this plan will have a meeting. 那些赞成这个计划的人会开一个会。
“in +名词+ of”结构的常用短语还有：
in search of 寻找 in hope of 希望着
in want /need of 需要 in charge of 负责，掌管
in memory of 为了纪念…… in honor of 出于……的敬意；为纪念……
in control of控制,管理,掌握
10. Most of the time it turns out that humans are not really profiting when they damage the environment.（page 58, lines 29-30）多数情况下的结果就是，人类在破坏环境之际并没有真正受益。
turn out常用于两种句型结构。
① It turns out that … “结果是……” ; 如果that从句中是一般过去时，可以表示“没想到是……”，“原来却是……”。例如：
It turns out that the method doesn’t work well. 结果是这个方法不管用。
It turned out that his best friend was a thief. 他最要好的朋友竟然是个小偷。
It turned out that the driver was just the boss. 没想到那司机居然就是老板。
It turned out that he was never there. 原来他根本没去过那儿。
② sth. turn out (to be) + 接名词或形容词：结果是……；原来是……；证明是……；最后情况是……
It was cloudy this morning, but it turned out fine. 早上多云，最后却是晴天。
The job turned out to be beyond his rather limited abilities.
这项工作证明超出了他那非常有限的能力。
He said he was a doctor; but later he turned out to be a cheat.
他自称是个医生, 原来他是个骗子。
(2) profit 的用法
① 做名词用，表示“好处、益处、利益”。例如：
Small profits and quick returns. 薄利多销
The company started to show a profit in its first year. 公司在第一年就开始赢利。
He’s only interested in making a quick profit. 他只对尽快获利感兴趣。
②做动词用，表示“赢利、获利”。例如：
We will all profit by the experience.我们都将从这次经验中获利。
Not all children would profit from this kind of schooling.
并非所有孩子都可从这种就学中得益。
It would profit us to change our plans. 改变计划对我们有好处。
11. It is mankind’s responsibilities to find solutions that are acceptable for everyone, and everything. (page 58, lines 32-33) 找出对任何人、任何事物都可以接受的方案，是人类的责任。
① 这是一强调句，强调部分是句子的主语mankind’s responsibilities to find solutions
② be acceptable for / to sb. 可理解为“为……所接受、对……适合”。介词for多用来指物，而to较为多见用来指人。例如：
Yogurt is a perfectly acceptable substitute for cream in cooking.
酸奶是烹饪用的特别受欢迎的奶油替代品。
The plan is acceptable to both sides. 这个方案双方都可以接受。
He tried to find a solution that was acceptable to everyone.
他试图找到一个大家都可以接受的解决办法。
12. As you get more excited, you may off the point.（page 59）
你一变得激动，就有可能会跑题。
go off有许多不同的意义。例如：
① 跑题、离题
The speaker has gone off the subject. 讲话人离题了。
② 离开；消失
I’d better have waited till the rain went off. 我当时要是等雨停再走就好了。
The headache went off quite suddenly. 头疼突然消失了。
She went off with the gardener's son. 她跟园艺工人的儿子私奔了。
③ 开始变坏；变质；变差
Fish soon goes off in this hot weather. 在这么热的天气里，鱼很快会变质。
The lecturer used to do well, but he seems to have gone off now.
这个演讲者以前讲得很好, 但如今似乎变差了。
④ 睡着
He has gone off by the fire. 他靠着火炉睡着了。
课题实践
How to write a formal letter
1. 正式信函的写作原则
由于电子邮件的普及，书信写得越来越少，但一旦我们要写，那一定是很重要的信件，比如说求职信、投诉信等。因此，我们要让书信给读者留下深刻印象，起到预期的作用。写书信时我们要遵循下列原则：
in the correct format 格式正确
short and to the point 简短，切中要害
relevant 具有相关性
free of any grammatical or spelling mistakes 没有语法和拼写错误
polite, even if you’re complaining 有礼貌，哪怕是投诉信
well presented陈述恰当
2. 正式信函的写作格式要求
正式信函要求格式规范，要包含信件构成的各个要素：
写信人地址：在信的右上角
收信人地址：在信的左上角，接着写信人地址下面写。
日期：可在左边，也可在右边，月份不用缩写
称呼：用“Dear+姓”，不知道姓名时用Dear Sir或Dear Madam。不知道是Mrs 还是Miss时，可以使用Ms。
结尾：使用Yours Faithfully，Yours Sincerely结尾。
签名：在左下方，与正方开头对齐。商务信件中，须在签名后列出自己所属的公司，自己的职位及公司地址，电话簿。
3. 信的内容
第一段简要说明写信的目的，是问询、投诉还是请求等。
第二部分可以是一段，也可以是几小段，是书信的主体内容。英文信不宜过长，因此要
简明扼要说明事情。要清晰、紧凑，逻辑性强。
最后一段正式书信中往往写明你希望收信者采取什么行动。常用结束语有：
Awaiting your good news.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Hoping to hear from you soon.
We await your good news.
I hope to hear from you very soon.
We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience. 静候佳音
I look forward to our next meeting in Los Angeles. 期待我们下次在咯杉矶的会面。
Your early reply will go highly appreciated. 急盼佳音。
We shall be pleased to send you what you wanted, 如果你需要些什么，我们会非常乐意给
你寄过去 。
The help you give me is sincerely valued. 你给我的帮助非常宝贵。
I hope everything will go well with you. 我祝你万事如意。
Please let us know if you want more information. 如果需要更多的信息，请尽管通知我。
I hope you always enjoy yourself. 我希望你永远开心。
I wish you every success in the coming year. 我祝你来年一切如愿。
Please remember me to your family. 请代我向你的家人问好。
All the best. 祝你万事如意。
With love and good wishes. 给你最好的祝愿。
现在，假如你叫Louise Longford，是个健美教练，想要去一家叫做Fitness First的公司应聘，请给Mr G. Sands写一封求职信。
首先确定信的格式；然后在第一段说明写信的目的是应聘健美教练；中间段落列出自己的优点，说明自己能胜任这份工作；最后一段写出自己的希望。
Louise Longford的求职信：
12, Kenmore Road
Littletown
LT12 9BH
1st December 2009
Mr G. Sands
Fitness First
Lake Road
Littletown
LT1 5MX
Dear Mr Sands
Re: Fitness Instructor FF/32
I am writing to apply for the job of Fitness Instructor, as advertised in Thursday's Courant. This is an ideal job for me given my enthusiasm for sport, my related experience and qualifications.
Sport and fitness training have always been important to me, which is why I chose to take a BTEC Diploma in Sports Science. I obtained distinctions in the Sports Anatomy & Physiology and Sports Injuries modules last year and am confident that I will get similar marks in Exercise Physiology, Mechanics of Sport and Sports Supervision & Management this year. I am a confident user of Microsoft Office xp and have worked extensively with Fitness Publisher, a program for analysing fitness.
As you can see from my CV, I've taken the opportunity to gain extra qualifications that were on offer at college, which has helped me get part-time work as a pool attendant. I'm called on to provide cover during busy times so am used to working irregular hours at short notice. I've also run a lunchtime aerobics class at college since the start of this year.
I finish college in six weeks and am keen to find a job rather than carry on with further full-time study. I could start any part time work or training sooner as many of my classes are finishing and most of my assignments are done. I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely，
Louise Longford
书信写完后，要根据上述原则进行检查，以保证书信质量。相信看过你写的求职信，Mr Sands会很乐意招聘你。
课堂作业
Ⅰ. 用每组所给单词的适当形式完成随后的句子。
1. over, for, up to, against, up, up, after, into
1) -Are you for or against this proposal?
-I think the proposal is good. I’m for it.
2) Class was over. The students went home.
3) What are you after in life?
4) I hate hiking and I’m not into classical music.
5) He is not up to his job.
6) It is up to parents to teach their children manners.
7) Time is up.
2. end up, end up with, in the end, on end, put an end to
1) The meeting ended up with the singing of the International.
2) I’m sure you’ll succeed in the end .
3) How can we put an end to the arguing?
4) It made my hair stand on end .
5) He started with the aim of doing harm to others only to end up by ruining himself.
3. way, by the way, by way of, in a way, in no way, in the way, in this way, on the (或one’s)way, under way, all the way, the other way around, give way to
1) The barren land has given way to green vegetation.
2) Do your work in the way I have shown you.
3) Teaching in school can in no way be separated from practice.
4) By the way, which train goes to Shanghai by way of Changsha?
5) On the/my way to the station ,I bought some food.
6) A hurricane is on the/my way. The preparations against it are well under way.
7) In a way , he has been very successful.
8) I saved old envelops. In this way , I have collected a great many stamps.
9) We flew all the way direct from Seattle to London.
10)The eart