定语从句
一． 定语从句的含义
1） 连词成句
She is a beautiful girl.
She drives me crazy.
= She is a beautiful girl who drives me crazy.
Hangzhou, where the G20 summit will be held is a beautiful city.
People in Hangzhou are looking forward to Sep.4th when the G20 summit will be held.
The G20 summit will be held after 107 days which is a meeting about international economic cooperation.
斜体部分是____定语从句______,在句中修饰一个__名__词或_代___词。
这些词在定语从句中叫__先行词_______。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之__后__，由__关系代词______引出。
关系词分为___关系代词________和_关系副词__________。
定语从句的含义：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或者代词的句子。
先行词：先行词之后一般接的定语从句，引导定语从句的词叫关系词
关系代词 who, whom, that, which
关系副词 when, where, why
The boy who/that is studying hard is Allen’s son.
The watch which/that was repaired last week have not been sent back.
找出先行词
第一句先行词是__人__,在句中作_主___语，关系词是__who/that________.
第二句先行词是__物__,在句中作_主___语，关系词是__which/that________.
The baby (who/whom/that) she is looking after is my little brother.
This is the mountain village (which/that) we visited last week.
找出先行词
第一句先行词是人____,在句中作_宾__语，关系词是__who/whom/that________.
还可以_省略____.
第二句先行词是_物___,在句中作_宾_语，关系词是__which/that________.
还可以_省略____.
【注】whom
先行词是人
在句中作宾语，可以省略
但在作介词的宾语，只能用whom,且不可省略
e.g. There are many new central leaders in China now, of______ many once worked in the western provinces.
Irene wants to talk to the students whose homework hasn’t been handed in.
The company whose name is Alibaba is in Hangzhou.
找出先行词
第一句先行词是__人__,在句中作_定___语，与__homework___________是所属关系，关系代词用___whose_______.
第二句先行词是__物__,在句中作_定___语，与____name__________是所属关系，关系代词用__whose________.
I still remember the day when I first met you.
This is the office where she worked.
I don’t know the reason why he came so late.
第一句先行词是_the day_____,在句中作__时间状_______语，关系副词是_when_________.
第二句先行词是_the office_____________,在句中作__地点状______语，关系副词是_where_________.
第三句先行词是__the reason_____________,在句中作___原因状_____语，关系副词__why________.
先行词 关系词 成分
People who/that subject
(who/whom/that) object
whose attributive
Things which/that subject
(which/that) object
whose attributive
Time when adverbial
Place where adverbial
Reason why adverbial
【注】
Time
(作主语，只能用which/that)
year, day, time, week, etc. when adverbial
Place
作主语，只能用which/that
指前面提过的地点
指某方面、阶段、情况、环境和位置等 where adverbial
Reason why adverbial
Exercise
1. The boss of the company is trying to create an atmosphere_ _where____ these employees enjoy their work.
2. As a student of senior three, he has very little free time _which/that___ he can spent developing his own interest.
3. Do you still remember the boss in _whose_____ restaurant you worked during the summer holiday?
4. The books on the desk, _whose_______ covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
5. Almost every teenager will experience s period in their life when_____
they aren’t content with their parents.
6. A company _whose_______ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
7. The exact year_ which/that__ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
8. The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and viewing platform_ where______ visitors can watch the big greenhouses being built.
9. Opposite is St. Paul’s Church,_ where______ you can hear the lovely music.
二． 定语从句中常用that,不用which的情况
1）先行词是不定代词all, much, little, few，any, no, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等
e.g. Do you have anything that you want to say for me?
You should hand in all that you have.
不定代词这路货，全用that准没错
2）先行词被the only, the very, the way, the same等修饰
e.g. This is the very person that I’m looking for.
The only thing that we can do is to give you some suggestions.
先行词是形容词最高级或者先行词前有形容词最高级修饰
e.g. This is the best way that have been used against pollution.
3） 先行词是序数词或者先行词前有序数词修饰
e.g. The train is the last that will go to Shanghai.
4） 先行词有人又有物。 两项并列人和物，引导定从用that.
e.g. Do you know the thing and the people that they are talking about?
5） which开头的特殊疑问句中为免重复
e.g. Which of the students that knows something about history?
总结：
三． 定语从句的分类
限定性定语从句
从句中对先行词进行必要的描述说明，对先行词有修饰和限定的作用，从句与先行词紧密相连，缺少它句意不完整。一般不用逗号隔开。
非限定性定语从句
对先行词进行补充、说明好解释，与先行词关系松散，一般有逗号隔开。
e.g. The man who gave me this book is Tom. (限)
Tom, who is reading a book, is my classmate. (非限)
四．先行词指物时，定语从句关系代词必须用which的情况
在非限定性定语从句中，只用which,不用that
e.g. Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.
Carol said the work would be done by July, which personally I doubt very much.
定语从句中介词提前，只用which,不用that
e.g. Language is the most important tool without which people can’t communicate with each other.
Exercise
1. You will find taxis waiting at the bus station_ which______ you can hire to reach your host family.
2. The old town has narrow streets and small houses_ that___ are built close to each other.
3. It is a truly delightful place,_ which______ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
4. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students_ which____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
5. I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school_ who_____ I met in the English speech contest last year.
6. This is the most serious and worst situation_ that___ I have ever experienced as a fan of the NBA.
7. Please send us all the information_ that______ you have about the candidates for the position.
8. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_ which______ school education depends.
9. I refused to accept the blame for something _that___ was someone else’s fault.
五．非限定性定语从句中关系代词的用法
先行词 关系代词 成分
People who subject
whom object
whose attributive
Things 只用which,不用that
whose adverbial
Time when
Place where
Exercise
1. In ancient Egypt, green represented hope and spring,_ which ____ is the time of year_ when___ things in nature start to grow after a long winter.
2. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which____ made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.
3. Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, _which_______ is quite unexpected.
4. The book has helped me greatly